Graphium eurypylus

Graphium eurypylus (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Papilionidae
Subfamilia: Papilioninae
Tribus: Leptocircini
Genus: Graphium
Subgenus: Graphium (Graphium)
Species: Graphium eurypylus
Subspecies: (22)
G. e. aloricus – G. e. arctofasciatus – G. e. argenteus – G. e. cheronus – G. e. crispus – G. e. eurypylus – G. e. extensus – G. e. fumikoe – G. e. gordion – G. e. insularius – G. e. lepidus – G. e. lutorius – G. e. lycaon – G. e. lycaonides – G. e. macronius – G. e. madrmii – G. e. magnificus – G. e. mecistius – G. e. melampus – G. e. nyctimus – G. e. pamphylus – G. e. sallastinus – G. e. sallastius – G. e. sangira
Name

Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus, 1758).

Type locality: "In Indiis", (Ambon).

Holotype: BMNH
Synonymy

Papilio eurypylus Linnaeus, 1758: 464; Rothschild, 1895: 429.
Chlorisses harrietta Swainson, 1851 (nomen nudum).
Semicaudati kochianus Koch, 1860 (nomen nudum).
Papilio eurypylus georgius Fruhstorfer, 1907 Ent. Zs. 21 (30): 182, TL: Obi.
Papilio eurypylus priscus Fruhstorfer, 1907 Ent. Zs. 21 (30): 182, TL: Waigeo.
Papilio eurypylus gabinus Fruhstorfer, 1909 Ent. Zs. 22 (41): 170. TL: Sumbawa.
Graphium eurypylus (Linnaeus); D'Abrera, 1982: 100.
Graphium (Graphium) eurypylus (Linnaeus); Vane-Wright & de Jong, 2003: 92.

Graphium eurypylus

References

D'Abrera, B., 1982. Butterflies of the Oriental Region, Part I Papilionidae, Pieridae, Danaidae: pp. xxi+ 1-244. Hill House, Melbourne. Reference page.
Goode, M., 2017. Notes on Graphium eurypylus Linnaeus, 1758, (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) with descriptions of two new subspecies from Papua, Indonesia. Suara Serangga Papua 10(2): 69-75. Reference page.
Hanafusa, H. 1993. Six new butterflies from Indonesia (Lep.: Satyridae, Nymphalidae, Riodinidae). Futao 12: 6–9. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio Decima, Reformata. Tomus I. Holmiæ (Stockholm): impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. 824 pp. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542 BHL Reference page.
Okano, K. 1993: Notes on butterflies (Rhopalocera) from Indonesia, with descriptions of four new subspecies. Tokurana 19(1): 1–7. Reference page.
Rothschild, L.W. 1895. A Revision of the Papilios of the Eastern hemisphere, exclusive of Africa. Novitates Zoologicae 2(3): 167–463, pls 8–10. BHL Text, plates. Reference page.
Vane-Wright, R.I. & de Jong, R. 2003. The butterflies of Sulawesi: annotated checklist for a critical island fauna. Zoologische Verhandelingen 343: 3–267, figs 1–14, pls 1–16. PDF Reference page.

Vernacular names
中文: 銀鉤青鳳蝶

Graphium eurypylus, the great jay or pale green triangle, is a species of tropical butterfly belonging to the family Papilionidae.

Etymology

The specific name eurypylus likely comes from the name Eurypylus, a Thessalian king who lead the Thessalians during the Trojan War.
Distribution

This species can be found in the Australasian realm and in the Indomalayan realm (Northeast India, Southeast Asia and Australia).[2]
Description

Graphium eurypylus has a wingspan reaching about 7–8 centimetres (2.8–3.1 in). The basic colour of the uppersides of the wings is black, with a chain of yellowish or greenish spots at the edges. In the middle of the forewings there is a large yellowish or greenish area. The undersides of the wings are similar to the uppersides, but the basic colour is brownish and the spots are paler or whitish. The hindwings have a few red spots.

Subspecies G. e. jason (South India and Sri Lanka) — Males and females. Upperside black. Forewing: three slender, oblique, short pale green streaks in basal half of cell and two irregular small similarly-coloured spots near its apex; a discal band composed of pale green spots that gradually diminish in size anteriorly, the spot in interspace 5 the smallest, the two in the interspaces above it slightly larger; a spot at base of interspace 7 and a sinuous complete subterminal series of spots similarly coloured. Hindwing: a transverse band that extends as far as interspace 2 posteriorly and is a continuation of the discal band on the forewing; the upper portion of this band white, the lower pale green; this is followed by a sinuous subterminal series of small pale green spots as on the forewing. Underside: brownish-fulvous black; markings similar, larger, their edges diffuse and all of a silvery white, slightly tinted with pale green. Hindwing in addition has a white basal streak that extends halfway down the dorsal margin; another shorter white subbasal streak from costa to the subcostal vein coalescent with the white of the discal band in the cell, the streak of ground colour that lies between this subbasal and the discal band jet black, interrupted where it crosses vein 8 by a crimson spot; finally, quadrate black spots near apex of cell and at bases of interspaces 1, 2 and 3, all outwardly margined with crimson. Antenna, head, thorax and abdomen black; beneath: the palpi, thorax and abdomen touched with white, the abdomen with dingy white lateral lines. Male has an abdominal fold within grey, with a fringe of white hairs.[3]

Subspecies G. e. axion, Felder (Malayan region and Himalayas) can be distinguished from subspecies G. e. jason as follows: The markings that compose the discal band very much broader; all the spots and markings of pale green and white conspicuously larger, especially in the spring broods. Underside of hindwing: crimson spots more conspicuous, a line of crimson along the posterior portion of the dorsal margin; in most specimens the short subbasal narrow band of white that runs from the costa to the subcostal vein does not coalesce with the white of the discal band where it crosses the cell.[3]

Life cycle
Larva

"Very like that of P. agamemnon, but the second pair of spines is entirely wanting and the third pair, which in agamemnon is rather long, curved and sharp, is reduced in this species to mere knobs encircled with a black ring. The colour is generally black or smoky until the last moult and then dull green, inclining to rusty brown on the sides, but some of our specimens remained quite black to the end." (Davidson and Aitken quoted in Bingham, 1907)

Larvae mainly feed on various species of Annonaceae family (Annona cherimola, Annona glabra, Annona reticulata, Annona muricata, Annona squamosa, Mitrephora froggattii, Artabotrys speciosus, Goniothalamus macranthus, Melodorum leichhardtii, Melodorum rupestrum, Melodorum siamense, Polyalthia longifolia, Polyalthia nitidissima, Uvaria rufa), as well as on Michelia champaca (Magnoliaceae) and Diploglottis australis (Sapindaceae).[1]
Pupa

"The distinguishing mark of the pupa is again in the frontal horn, which is straight as in agamemnon, but directed forward instead of being almost erect. Its colour is normally green, but varies with that of the object to which it is attached." (Davidson and Aitken quoted in Bingham, 1907)
Subspecies

Graphium eurypylus eurypylus (Moluccas)
Graphium eurypylus gordion (C. & R. Felder, 1865) (Philippines)
Graphium eurypylus artofasciatus Lathy (Sula Islands)
Graphium eurypylus pamphylus (C. & R. Felder, 1865) (Sulawesi)
Graphium eurypylus lycaon (C. & R. Felder, 1865) (eastern Australia)
Graphium eurypylus sangira (Oberthür, 1879) (Sangir)
Graphium eurypylus mecisteus (Distant, 1885) (Peninsular Malaya, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines)
Graphium eurypylus sallastius (Staudinger, 1895) (Wetar, Sumbawa)
Graphium eurypylus extensus (Rothschild, 1895) (New Britain, New Ireland, Duke of York Group, New Hanover)
Graphium eurypylus lycaonides (Rothschild, 1895) (Waigeu, Jobi, West Papua)
Graphium eurypylus insularius (Rothschild, 1896) (Tanahdjampea, Kalao)
Graphium eurypylus crispus (Fruhstorfer, 1903) (Babber Islands)
Graphium eurypylus sallastinus (Fruhstorfer, 1903) (Sumba, Flores, Wetar, Leti, Babar)
Graphium eurypylus cheronus (Jordan, 1909) (Sikkim – southern Burma, Thailand – southern China, southern Yunnan, Hainan, Indo-China)
Graphium eurypylus melampus (Rothschild, 1896) (Kai Islands)
Graphium eurypylus macronius Jordan (Andamans, ?Nicobars)
Graphium eurypylus lutorius (Fruhstorfer, 1907) (Batjan)
Graphium eurypylus lepidus Fruhstorfer (Tanimbar)
Graphium eurypylus aloricus (Fruhstorfer, 1909) (Alor)
Graphium eurypylus nyctimus (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914) (Northern Territory)[1]
G. eurypylus pauli Page & Treadaway 2014 (Buton Island and Muna Island. Indonesia)[4]