Panurginae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Hymenopterida
Ordo: Hymenoptera
Subordo: Apocrita
Superfamilia: Apoidea

Familia: Andrenidae
Subfamilia: Panurginae
Tribus: Calliopsini - Melitturgini - Neffapini - Nolanomelissini - Panurgini - Perditini - Protandrenini - Protomeliturgini
Name

Panurginae Leach, 1815
References

2011: Zootaxa, 2908: 64–68. Preview
Eardley, C. 2009: A revision of the Southern African species of Meliturgula Friese (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae: Panurginae). Zootaxa, 2261: 39–51. Abstract & excerpt
Rozen, J.G., jr. 2003: A new tribe, genus, and species of South American panurgine bee (Andrenidae, Panurginae), oligoletic on Nolana (Nolanaceae). Pp. 93-108 in Melo, G.A.R.; Alves dos Santos, I. (eds) Apoidea Neotropica: homenagem aos 90 Anos de Jesus Santiago Moure. Editora UNESC [Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense], Criciúma. ISBN 85-88390-18-3 PDF

The bee subfamily Panurginae is a diverse lineage of 33 genera in 7 tribes. They are particularly diverse in the New World, though scarce in the tropics, and in the Old World they can be found primarily in the Palaearctic and Africa, but absent from Australia and tropical Asia. They tend to be associated with xeric or sandy habitats.

The "facial foveae" of Panurgines are not broad, velvety depressions as in Andreninae, but reduced to grooves or pits at the upper margin of the eyes. The apex of the marginal cell of the wing is truncate, and the trochanteral scopa is reduced. Panurgines also frequently have yellow markings in locations other than on the face, a feature not seen in any other subfamilies of Andrenidae.

Most members of this subfamily are oligolectic, with highly specialized floral associations, especially in desert species.
Systematics

Tribe Protandrenini
Anthemurgus
Anthrenoides
Chaeturginus
Liphanthus
Neffapis
Parapsaenythia
Protandrena
Psaenythia
Pseudopanurgus
Rhophitulus
Tribe Panurgini
Avpanurgus
Camptopoeum
Panurginus
Panurgus
Tribe Nolanomelissini
Nolanomelissa
Tribe Melitturgini
Belliturgula
Borgatomelissa
Flavomeliturgula
Gasparinahla
Khuzimelissa
Melitturga
Meliturgula
Mermiglossa
Plesiopanurgus
Tribe Protomeliturgini
Protomeliturga
Tribe Perditini
Macrotera
Perdita

Arhysosage sp., a panurgine bee in the tribe Calliopsini

Tribe Calliopsini
Acamptopoeum
Arhysosage
Calliopsis
Callonychium
Litocalliopsis
Spinoliella
Xeranthrena[1]

References

Gonzalez, V.H.; Smith-Pardo, A.H.; Engel, M.S. (2017). "Phylogenetic relationships of a new genus of calliopsine bees from Peru, with a review of Spinoliella Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae)". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 412: 1–71. doi:10.1206/0003-0090-412.1.1.

C. D. Michener (2007) The Bees of the World, 2nd Edition, Johns Hopkins University Press.