Phratora

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Polyphaga
Infraordo: Cucujiformia
Cladus: Phytophaga
Superfamilia: Chrysomeloidea

Familia: Chrysomelidae
Subfamilia: Chrysomelinae
Tribus: Chrysomelini
Subtribus: Chrysomelina
Genus: Phratora
Species: P. abdominalis – P. aenea – P. alternata – P. atrovirens – P. bicolor – P. bispinula – P. biuncinata – P. caperata – P. cheni – P. costipennis – P. cuprea – P. daccordii – P. flavipes – P. gracilis – P. grandis – P. horioni – P. jinchuanensis – P. koreana – P. laticollis – P. maya – P. mirabilis – P. moha – P. obtusicollis – P. parva – P. phaedonoides – P. polaris – P. quadrithoracilis – P. ryanggangensis – P. similis – P. tibialis – P. vitellinae – P. vulgatissima
Name

Phratora Chevrolat in Dejean, 1836: 405

Type species: Chrysomela vitellinae Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.

Note: type species sometimes given as Chrysomela vulgalissima Linnaeus, 1758 instead, based on Motschulsky, 1860.

Synonyms

Phyllodecta Kirby, 1837: 216
Type species: Chrysomela vitellinae Linnaeus, 1758, by monotypy.
Chaelocera Weise, 1884: 514 (as subgenus of Phyllodecta) [junior homonym]
Type species: Chrysomela vulgalissima Linnaeus, 1758
Chaeloceroides E. Strand, 1935: 285 [replacement name for Chaelocera Weise, 1884]
Chaeroceta Mroczkowski, 1990: 214 [replacement name for Chaelocera Weise, 1884]

References
Primary references

Chevrolat, L.A.A. 1836. [new taxa]. In: Dejean, P.F.M.A. Catalogue des Coléoptères de la collection de M. le comte Dejean. Deuxième édition. [Livraison 5]. Paris: Méquignon-Marvis Père et Fils. pp. 361–443. BHL. Reference page.
Kirby, W. 1837. The insects. In: Richardson J. (Ed.), Fauna boreali-Americana; or the zoology of the northern parts of British America: containing descriptions of the objects of natural history collected on the late northern land expeditions, under command of Captain Sir John Franklin, RN. Part 4. J. Fletcher, Norwich; 325 + [2] pp., 8 pls. BHL Reference page.
Strand, E. 1935. Revision von Gattungsnamen palaearktischer Coleoptera. Folia Zoologia et Hydrobiologia 7 [1934–1935]: 282–299. [not seen]
Weise, J. 1884. Chrysomelidae. Lieferung 3. Pp. 369–568. In: Naturgeschichte der Insecten Deutschlands. Erste Abteilung Coleoptera. Sechster Band. [1893]. Berlin: Nicolaische Verlags-Buchhandlung, xiv + 1161, 1 pl. [issued in parts]. BHL

Additional references

Cho, H.-W. & Świętojańska, J. 2017. Larval morphology of Phratora koreana Takizawa, 1985 with a key to the larvae of the Palaearctic Phratora species (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Chrysomelinae). ZooKeys 658: 97–104. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.658.11068 Open access. Reference page.
Kippenberg, H. 2010. Subfamily Chrysomelinae Latreille, 1802. Pp. 390–443. In: Löbl, I. & Smetana, A. (eds.) Catalogue of Palaearctic Coleoptera. Volume 6. Chrysomeloidea. Apollo Books, Stenstrup, Denmark. 924 pp. ISBN 978-87-88757-84-2. Google Books. Reference page.

Links

Phratora Chevrolat, 1837

Vernacular names
suomi: Viherkalvajat
русский: Фратора

Phratora is a genus of leaf beetles. It is synonymous to Phyllodecta .[1] European Phratora species can be distinguished based on morphology of female genitalia.[2], but they differ little in size and body form and most show metallic coloration.[3]

Distribution

Phratora species are found in the Northern Hemisphere in areas that tend to be cool and moist where their host plants thrive.[4] They are usually found in Northern and Southern Europe,[3] China and Japan,[5][6][7] and in Canada and the United States of America.[8][1]
Head of Phratora adult
Head of Phratora adult
Host plants

Species in this genus are of considerable interest to evolutionary ecology researchers because they vary with respect to host plant preference and chemistry of their larval defensive secretions.[8] Phratora species are known to feed on willows (Phratora americana, P. frosti, P. interstitialis, P. tibialis, Phratora vitellinae, Phratora vulgatissima, P. polaris, P. purpurea), poplars (Phratora laticollis, P. atrovirens, Phratora vitellinae, P. purpurea), or birch (P. polaris in Lapland, Phratora hudsonia), and their host plant use is evolutionarily conserved in that closely related beetle species tend to feed on more closely related plant species. [8][9]
Host plant use and evolutionary relationships among Phratora species
Natural enemies

Predators of Phratora eggs include A. nemorum, Orthotylus marginalisand the syrphid fly Parasyrphus nigritarsis.[10] Larval predators include A. nemorum, the bug Rhacognathus punctatus,[10] and the wasp Symmorphus bifasciatus.[11] Adult beetles are consumed by R. punctatus.[10] More information about natural enemies can be found in the articles about Phratora laticollis, Phratora vitellinae and Phratora vulgatissima.
Larval defense secretions

The mechanism of larval defensive secretion production, its relationship to host plant preference, and its evolutionary significance has been studied.[12][13] The secretions can repel natural enemies or conspecifics.[14] More information about larval secretions can be found in the articles about Phratora laticollis and Phratora vitellinae.
Egg of Parasyrphus nigritarsus (top, pale) on egg clutch of Phratora vitellinae (yellow)
Egg of Parasyrphus nigritarsus (top, pale) on egg clutch of Phratora vitellinae (yellow). The crusty secretion on top of the beetle eggs is evident.
Phratora vitellinae larvae feeding on Populus tremula
Phratora vitellinae larvae feeding on Populus tremula
Third instar Phratora vitellinae larva feeding on a willow leaf
Third instar Phratora vitellinae larva feeding on a willow leaf
Economic Importance

Some species (especially Phratora vulgatissima) are considered pests when populations build up in willow plantations.[15]
Species

These 16 species belong to the genus Phratora:

Phratora americana (Schaeffer, 1928) i c g b
Phratora antennaria (Apfelbeck, 1912) g
Phratora atrovirens (Cornelius, 1857) g
Phratora californica Brown, 1961 i c g
Phratora frosti Brown, 1951 i c g
Phratora hudsonia Brown, 1951 i c g b (birch leaf beetle)
Phratora interstitialis Mannerheim, 1853 i c g b
Phratora kenaiensis Brown, 1952 i c g
Phratora koreana Takizawa, 1985 g
Phratora laticollis (Suffrian, 1851) g
Phratora polaris (Sparre Schneider, 1886) g
Phratora purpurea Brown, 1951 i c g b (aspen skeletonizer)
Phratora similis (Chujo, 1958) g
Phratora tibialis (Suffrian, 1851) g
Phratora vitellinae (Linnaeus, 1758) g (brassy leaf beetle)
Phratora vulgatissima (Linnaeus, 1758) g (blue willow leaf beetle)

Data sources: i = ITIS,[16] c = Catalogue of Life,[17] g = GBIF,[18] b = Bugguide.net[19]
References

W. J. Brown (1951). "The American Species of Phratora Chev. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". The Canadian Entomologist. 83 (5): 121–130. doi:10.4039/Ent83121-5.
Sundholm, A. (1956). "Studien über die Gattung Phyllodecta Kirby (Col. Chrysomelidae)". Opuscula Entomologica. 21: 5–7.
Görnandt, H. (1955). "Die Käfergattung Phyllodecta Kirby". Deutsche Entomologische Zeitschrift. 2: 1–100.
Silverberg, H. (1994). "Chrysomelidae in the Arctic". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox; E. Petitpierre (eds.). Novel aspects of the biology of Chrysomelidae. Vol. 50. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. pp. 503–510.
Shuyong, W. (1992). "Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae- Chrysomelinae". Insects of the Hengduan Mountains Region. 1 (5): 628–645.
Chen, S. H. (1965). "On the Chinese species of the Chrysomeline genus Phratora". Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica. 2 (3): 218–224.
Gressitt, J. L.; Kimoto, S. (1963). "The Chrysomelidae (Coleopt.) of China and Korea, Part 2". Pacific Insects Monograph. 1b: 301–1026.
Köpf, A.; Rank, N. E.; Roininen, H.; Julkunen-Tiitto, R.; Pasteels, J. M.; Tahvanainen, J. (1998). "The evolution of host-plant use and sequestration in the leaf beetle genus Phratora (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)". Evolution. 52: 517–528.
Canty, Roy; Ruzzier, Enrico; Cronk, Quentin C.; Percy, Diana M. (2019). "Salix transect of Europe: additional leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae) records and insights from chrysomelid DNA barcoding". Biodiversity Data Journal. 7.
Rank, N. E.; Smiley, J. T.; Köpf, A. (1996). "Natural enemies and host plant relationships for chrysomeline leaf beetles feeding on Salicaceae". In P. H. Jolivet; M. L. Cox (eds.). Chrysomelidae Biology. Vol. 2: Ecological Studies. Amsterdam: SPB Publishing. pp. 147–171.
Blüthgen, P. (1961). Die Faltenwespen Mitteleuropas (Hymenoptera, Diploptera). Berlin: Akademie Verlag.
Soetens, P.; Pasteels, J. M.; Daloze, D. (1993-11-01). "A simple method for in vivo testing of glandular enzymatic activity on potential precursors of larval defensive compounds in Phratora species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelinae)". Experientia. 49 (11): 1024–1026. doi:10.1007/BF02125653. ISSN 1420-9071.
Termonia, A.; Hsiao, T. H.; Pasteels, J. M.; Milinkovitch, M. C. (2001). "Feeding specialization and host-derived chemical defense in Chrysomeline leaf beetles did not lead to an evolutionary dead end". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. 98: 3909–3914.
Hilker, M. (1989). "Intra- and interspecific effects of larval secretions in some chrysomelids (Coleoptera)". Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata. 53: 237–245.
J. Stenberg; A. Lehrman; C. Björkman (2010). "Uncoupling direct and indirect plant defences: Novel opportunities for improving crop security in willow plantations". Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment. 139 (4): 528–533. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2010.09.013.
"Phratora Report". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
"Browse Phratora". Catalogue of Life. Retrieved 2018-04-27.
"Phratora". GBIF. Retrieved 2018-04-27.

"Phratora Genus Information". BugGuide.net. Retrieved 2018-04-27.