Zerynthia polyxena

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Panorpida
Cladus: Amphiesmenoptera
Ordo: Lepidoptera
Subordo: Glossata
Cladus: Coelolepida
Cladus: Myoglossata
Cladus: Neolepidoptera
Infraordo: Heteroneura
Cladus: Eulepidoptera
Cladus: Ditrysia
Cladus: Apoditrysia
Cladus: Obtectomera
Superfamilia: Papilionoidea

Familia: Papilionidae
Subfamilia: Parnassiinae
Tribus: Luehdorfiini
Genus: Zerynthia
Subgenus: Zerynthia (Zerynthia)
Species: Zerynthia (Zerynthia) polyxena
Subspecies: Z. (Z.) p. aemiliae – Z. (Z.) p. albanica – Z. (Z.) p. bosniensis – Z. (Z.) p. bryki – Z. (Z.) p. carmenae – Z. (Z.) p. cassandra – Z. (Z.) p. cassandra-clara – Z. p. caucasiae – Z. (Z.) p. decastroi – Z. (Z.) p. deminuta – Z. (Z.) p. demnosia – Z. (Z.) p. gracilis – Z. (Z.) p. idaensis – Z. (Z.) p. latevittata – Z. (Z.) p. latiaris – Z. (Z.) p. linnea – Z. (Z.) p. macedonia – Z. (Z.) p. michaelis – Z. (Z.) p. microcreusa – Z. (Z.) p. nemorensis – Z. (Z.) p. nigra – Z. (Z.) p. padana – Z. (Z.) p. patrizii – Z. (Z.) p. petrii – Z. (Z.) p. polymnia – Z. (Z.) p. polyxena – Z. (Z.) p. reverdinii – Z. (Z.) p. silana – Z. (Z.) p. sontae – Z. (Z.) p. taygetana – Z. (Z.) p. thesto – Z. (Z.) p. tristis
Name

Zerynthia (Zerynthia) polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775)
Synonyms

Papilio polyxena Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775
Zerynthia polyxena Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775

References

Eisner, C., 1974: Parnassiana Nova XLIX. Die Arten und Unterarten der Baroniidae, Teinopalpidae und Parnassiidae (Erster Teil) (Lepidoptera). Zoologische Verhandelingen 135 (1): 1–96.
Nardelli, U. & Hirschfeld, G. 2002. Aberrations, formes et sous-espèce de Zerynthia polyxena Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Lambillionea 102(3): 223–240. Reference page.
Sala, G. & M. Bollino, 1992: Zerynthia polyxena Denis & Schiffermüller from Venetian Prealps: a new subspecies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Atalanta 23 (3/4): 449–454.

Vernacular names
čeština: Pestrokřídlec podražcový
Cymraeg: Brithliw'r de
Deutsch: Osterluzeifalter
English: Southern Festoon
suomi: Kirjoapollo
français: Diane
magyar: Farkasalmalepke
italiano: Polissena
қазақша: Поликсена көбелегі
Nederlands: Zuidelijke pijpbloemvlinder
norsk: Zerynthia polyxena
polski: Zygzakowiec kokornakowiec
русский: Поликсена
slovenčina: Pestroň vlkovcový
slovenščina: Petelinček
српски / srpski: Ускршњи лептир
svenska: Sydlig hålrotsfjäril
தமிழ்: தென் தோரணம்
Türkçe: Güneyli fisto kelebeği
українська: Поліксена (метелик)

Zerynthia polyxena, the southern festoon, is a striking butterfly belonging to the butterfly family Papilionidae.
Mounted specimen
Illustration

Subspecies and forms

Subspecies and forms include:[1][2]

Zerynthia polyxena polyxena (Denis & Schiffermüller, 1775) in Italy
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. punctata Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. marpha Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. rubra Hoffmann], 1916
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. bella Neuburger, 1903
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. bipunctata Cosmovici, 1892
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. meridionalis Hoffmann, 1916
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. tripunctata Zelezny, 1916
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. nora Schultz, 1908 (kreusa Tomala)
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. muelleri Bryk, 1921 (mulleri Bryk, recte muelleri)
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. springeri Ronnicke, 1906
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. reducta Zelezny, 1915
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. nigromaculata Zelezny, 1915
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. unimaculata Zelezny, 1915
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. demaculata Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. confluens Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. lateviltata Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. fasciata Begrer, 1919
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. skalae Zelezny, 1917
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. derubescens Zullich, 1928
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. alba Esper, 1805
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. subalba Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. rufescens Oberthür, 1879
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. meta Meigen
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. ochracea Staudinger, 1861
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. cellopura Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. basinigra Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. quincunx Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. divisa Schultz, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. ornata Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. vitrina Rothschild
Zerynthia polyxena polyxena f. irregularis Holland
Zerynthia polyxena aemiliae (Rocci, 1929) in North Italy; Lombardy: Massa Lombarda, Modena, Livorno
Zerynthia polyxena albanica (Riemel, 1927) in Albania
Zerynthia polyxena australis Esper, 1780 (medesicaste Hoffmannsegg) (south France: Provence - east Pyrenees)
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. alicea Neuburger, 1903
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. paucipunctata Neuburger
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. tristis Verity
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. divisa Schultez
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. hartmanni Staudfuss, 1896
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. unipunctata Eisner, 1954
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. minusculus Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. vitrina Rothschild sensu Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. aperta Eisner, 1954
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. quincunx Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. honnerathii Boisduval, 1832
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. albescens Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena australis f. binaria Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena bosniensis (Eisner, 1974) in Bosnia
Zerynthia polyxena bosniensis f. ochracea Staudinger, 1861
Zerynthia polyxena bosniensis f.reducta Zelzny, 1915
Zerynthia polyxena bryki (Eisner, 1954) in Montenegro, Herzegovina border
Zerynthia polyxena cantabrica Gomez-Bustille (Spain: Cantabrica)
Zerynthia polyxena carmenae (Sabariego et Martinez, 1991) in Bulgaria
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra (Geyer, 1828) in south France, north Italy
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. ochracea Staudinger, 1861
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. vitrina Rothschild, 1918
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. inornata Pionneau
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. bella Neuburger
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. reducta Železný, 1915
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. quincunx Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. microcreusa Verity, 1947
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra f. deminuta Verity, 1947
Zerynthia polyxena cassandra-clara (Verity, 1947) in Croatia
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana Ruhl, 1892 (transcastilia Mon) (Central Spain: Castilia, Albarracín)
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. derubescens Schultz
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. honnorathii Boisduval, 1832 (henrietta Timmins)
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. tristis Verity, 1906
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. semitristis de Sagarra, 1930
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. ornatissima Blachier, 1908
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. nigricans Holland
Zerynthia polyxena castiliana f. alicea Neuburger, 1903
Zerynthia polyxena catalonica de Sagarra 1930 (Spain: Catalonia)
Zerynthia polyxena catalonica f. semitristis de Sagarra, 1930
Zerynthia polyxena caucasiae (Nardelli & Hirschfeld, 2002) north west of Caucasus
Zerynthia polyxena creusa Meigen, 1829 (central Italy: Ventimiglia (Verity, 1950), cf. Eisner, 1974!)
Zerynthia polyxena decastroi (Sala & Bollino, 1992) in Italy
Zerynthia polyxena deminuta (Verity, 1947) southern of France
Zerynthia polyxena demnosia Freyer, 1833 (Dahl MS) (albanica Riemel], thusnelda Schultz) (= ssp. macedonia Eisner, 1974 (Macedonia, Thessalia, Dalmatia, Albania)
Zerynthia polyxena demnosia f. quincunx Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena demnosia f. vitrina Rothschild
Zerynthia polyxena demnosia f. ochracea Staudinger, 1861
Zerynthia polyxena gracilis (Schultz, 1908) in north-east Turkey: Brusa, Karagja Dagh
Zerynthia polyxena idaensis (Eisner, 1974) in Crete
Zerynthia polyxena idaensis f. rumina Linne, 1758
Zerynthia polyxena latevittata (Verity, 1919) in Sicily
Zerynthia polyxena latiaris (Stichel, 1907) in south Italy: Calabria, Rome, Monti Albani
Zerynthia polyxena linnea (Bryk, 1932) in Italy, Elba
Zerynthia polyxena macedonia (Eisner, 1974) in Macedonia
Zerynthia polyxena michaelis (Nardelli, 1993) in Italy
Zerynthia polyxena microcreusa (Verity, 1947) southern of France
Zerynthia polyxena minima Gerhardinger, 1951 Spain: Toledo)
Zerynthia polyxena nemorensis (Verity, 1919) in Italy: Toscana, Firenze.
Zerynthia polyxena nigra (Sijaric, 1989) in Bosnia
Zerynthia polyxena padana (Rocci, 1929) in north Italy: Piedmont, Lombardy, Turin
Zerynthia polyxena patrizii (Nardelli, 1993) in Italy
Zerynthia polyxena petheri Romei, 1927 (south Spain: Sierra Nevada)
Zerynthia polyxena petri (Bryk, 1932) in Greece, south Ukrainskaja: Cherson, Kiev, lower Juzinyi Bug, Krim
Zerynthia polyxena polymnia (Millière, 1880) in Greece: Euboea
Zerynthia polyxena reverdinii (Fruhstorfer, 1908) in west and north Italy: Liguria.
Zerynthia polyxena silana (Storace, 1962) in Italy
Zerynthia polyxena sontae (Sijaric, 1989) in Serbia
Zerynthia polyxena taygetana (Rosen, 1929) in Greece: Taygetus, Peleponesos
Zerynthia polyxena thesto Fruhstorfer, 1908 in south-west U.S.S.R.: lower Volga, Saratow, lower Don
Zerynthia polyxena thesto f. rufescens Oberthür, 1879
Zerynthia polyxena thesto f. muelleri Bryk, 1991
Zerynthia polyxena thesto f. cellopura Eisner
Zerynthia polyxena tristis de Lattin, 1950 in Turkey
Zerynthia polyxena vipsania Hemming, 1941 (:latevittata Verity, 1919, a secondary homonym of latevittata Schultz, 1908: creusa Mann, nec Meigen, Dahl MS: polymnia Ragusa, 1906, (Sicily)

Distribution
Habitat of Z. polyxena, Regional Park of Capanne di Marcarolo (Piedmont), about 900 m. above sea level

Z. polyxena is widespread in the middle and southern Europe (southeastern France, Italy, Slovakia and Greece) covering all the Balkans and reaching the south of Kazakhstan and the Urals. Although they are widespread they occur only locally.[3][2]
Habitat

These rare butterflies can be found in warm, sunny and open places such as grassy herb-rich meadows, vineyards, river banks, wetlands, cultivated areas, brushy places, wasteland, rocky cliffs and karst terrains, at an elevation of from 0 to 1,700 meters above sea level, but usually under 900 meters.

Description
Dorsal view

The southern festoon can reach a wingspan of 46–52 mm. The females have slightly longer wings, usually lighter colored than males. The basic color of the wings is yellow, with a complicated pattern of several black bands and spots.

On the edges of the hindwings they have a black sinuous line with a series of blue and red warning spots to deter potential predators (aposematism). The body is dark brown and bears red patches on the sides of the abdomen.

This species is rather similar to Zerynthia rumina, Zerynthia cerisyi and Zerynthia cretica. However this butterfly can be confused only with the Spanish festoon (Z. rumina). The differences are in the presence of blue on the hind wings of Z. polyxena and the relatively lower amount of red on its forewings as compared to Z. rumina. The ranges of these two species overlap only in southeast France.

The caterpillars of Z. polyxena are up to 35 millimeters long. They are initially black, then they are yellowish with six rows of fleshy orange and black spikes all over the body.

Male

Male bottom

Female

Female bottom

Biology

It is an early spring butterfly. Adults fly from April to June in a single brood. The adults are active for no more than three weeks. The females lay their eggs singly or in small groups at the bottom of the host plants. The eggs are spherical and whitish at first, bluish colored before hatching. The caterpillars feed on birthworts (mainly (Aristolochia clematitis, Aristolochia rotunda, Aristolochia pistolochia, Aristolochia pallida).[4] The special food of the larvae provides the toxic substances which then also go to the adults, making them inedible. The young caterpillars feed at first on flowers and young shoots, while after the second molt they feed on leaves. The pupae stay linked to a support by a silk belt for wintering and the new adults hatch the next spring.
Life cycle of Zerynthia polyxena
Eggs
Young caterpillar
Caterpillar on Aristolochia species
References

Funet.fi
Tree of Life
Fauna Europaea

Paolo Mazzei, Daniel Morel, Raniero Panfili Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa

Bibliography

Capinera, J. L. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Entomology, 4 voll., 2nd Ed., Dordrecht, Springer Science+Business Media B.V., 2008, pp. lxiii + 4346, ISBN 978-1-4020-6242-1, LCCN 2008930112, OCLC 837039413.
Dapporto, L., Speciation in Mediterranean refugia and post-glacial expansion of Zerynthia polyxena (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae). J. Zool. Syst. Evol. Res., in press.doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00550.x
Higgins, L.G, Riley, N.D, 1970; A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Britain and Europe
Kükenthal, W. (Ed.), Handbuch der Zoologie / Handbook of Zoology, Band 4: Arthropoda - 2. Hälfte: Insecta - Lepidoptera, moths and butterflies, in Kristensen, N. P. (a cura di), Handbuch der Zoologie, Fischer, M. (Scientific Editor), Teilband/Part 35: Volume 1: Evolution, systematics, and biogeography, Berlino, New York, Walter de Gruyter, 1999 [1998], pp. x + 491, ISBN 978-3-11-015704-8, OCLC 174380917.
Nazari, V., Sperling, F.A.H. 2007; Mitochondrial DNA divergence and phylogeography in western Palaearctic Parnassiinae (Lepidoptera:Papilionidae): how many species are there? Insect Syst Evol 38:121–138.
Scoble, M. J., The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity, 2nd ed., London, Oxford University Press & Natural History Museum, 2011 [1992], pp. xi, 404, ISBN 978-0-19-854952-9, LCCN 92004297, OCLC 25282932.
Stehr, F. W. (Ed.), Immature Insects, 2 vol., 2nd ed. Dubuque, Iowa, Kendall/Hunt Pub. Co., 1991 [1987], pp. ix, 754, ISBN 978-0-8403-3702-3, LCCN 85081922, OCLC 13784377.