Glaucidium brasilianum

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Ordo: Strigiformes

Familia: Strigidae
Subfamilia: Surniinae
Genus: Glaucidium
Species: Glaucidium brasilianum
Subspecies: G. b. brasilianum – G. b. cactorum – G. b. duidae – G. b. intermedium – G. b. margaritae – G. b. medianum – G. b. olivaceum – G. b. pallens – G. b. phalaenoides – G. b. ridgwayi – G. b. stranecki – G. b. tucumanum – G. b. ucayalae
Name

Glaucidium brasilianum (Gmelin, 1788)
Synonymy

Strix brasiliana (protonym)

References

Gmelin, J.F. 1788. Caroli a Linné systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima tertia, aucta, reformata. - pp. i–xii, 1–500. Lipsiae. (Beer). DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.545 p. 289 BHL Reference page. .

Vernacular names
català: Mussolet ferruginós
čeština: Kulíšek brazilský
Cymraeg: Cordylluan Brasil
dansk: Rustfarvet Spurveugle
Deutsch: Brasilzwergkauz
English: Ferruginous Pygmy Owl
Esperanto: Ruĝeca strigeto
español: Tecolote bajeño
فارسی: جغد کوتوله آهنی‌رنگ
suomi: Ruostevarpuspöllö
français: Chevêchette brune
Avañe'ẽ: Kavure'i
עברית: ינשוף פנינה פרוגינוס
magyar: Rozsdás törpekuvik
italiano: Civettina tabaccata
日本語: アカスズメフクロウ
Nederlands: Braziliaanse Dwerguil
norsk: Øgleugle
Diné bizaad: Biniiʼdootłʼizh łichíʼígíí
polski: Sóweczka kreskowana
português do Brasil: Caburé
português: Caburé
русский: Рыжий воробьиный сыч
slovenčina: Kuvicok hrdzavý
svenska: Rostsparvuggla
中文: 棕鸺鹠

The ferruginous pygmy owl (Glaucidium brasilianum) is a small owl that breeds in south-central Arizona and southern Texas in the United States, south through Mexico and Central America, to South America into Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay and Argentina.

In Central America and South America, it is the most widely distributed pygmy owl and is probably one of the most numerous owl species in those areas. It is found in a wide range of semi-open wooded habitats.
Taxonomy

The ferruginous pygmy owl was formally described in 1788 by the German naturalist Johann Friedrich Gmelin in his revised and expanded edition of Carl Linnaeus's Systema Naturae. He placed it with all the other owls in the genus Strix and coined the binomial name Strix brasiliana.[3] Although not cited directly, Gmelin's description was ultimately based on the "Cabure" that had been described in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.[4] The ferruginous pygmy owl is now placed with 28 other small owls in the genus Glaucidium that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.[5][6] The genus name is from Ancient Greek glaukidion meaning "little owl" or "owlet". It is diminutive of glaux meaning "owl".[7]

Thirteen subspecies are recognised:[6]

G. b. cactorum Van Rossem, 1937 – south Arizona (USA) to Sonora to north Nayarit (west Mexico)
G. b. intermedium Phillips, AR, 1966 – south Nayarit to Oaxaca (west Mexico)
G. b. ridgwayi Sharpe, 1875 – south Texas (central south USA) to west Panama
G. b. medianum Todd, 1916 – north Colombia
G. b. margaritae Phelps, WH & Phelps, WH Jr, 1951 – Margarita Island (off Venezuela)
G. b. phaloenoides (Daudin, 1800) – north, east Venezuela, Trinidad and the Guianas
G. b. duidae Chapman, 1929 – Cerro Duida (south Venezuela)
G. b. olivaceum Chapman, 1939 – Auyán Tepui (southeast Venezuela)
G. b. ucayalae Chapman, 1929 – Amazonia
G. b. brasilianum (Gmelin, JF, 1788) – east Brazil to northeast Argentina
G. b. pallens Brodkorb, 1938 – east Bolivia, west Paraguay and north Argentina
G. b. stranecki König, C & Wink, 1995 – central Argentina to south Uruguay
G. b. tucumanum Chapman, 1922 – west Argentina

Trinidad, as well as other localities, have endemic subspecies of the Glaucidium brasilianum owl. Recent genetics work has found substantial differences in ferruginous pygmy owls from different regions and members of the northern ridgwayi group are sometimes considered a separate species, Ridgway's pygmy-owl (Glaucidium ridgwayi).
Description
In Nuevo León, northwest Mexico

The ferruginous pygmy owl is small, typically 15 cm (5.9 in), and stocky with disproportionately large feet and talons. The crown has elongated white/buff streaks, the wing coverts have white spots, and the underparts are heavily streaked white. There are prominent white supercilia above the facial disc. There are two dark spots on the nape, often termed "false eyes" by birders. Otherwise, its overall color is highly variable, ranging from grey-brown with a black-and-white barred tail to rich rufous with a uniform rufous tail. Sexes are similar with females slightly larger and often more reddish. The flight is often undulating in motion, similar to that of many woodpecker species.
Call

The call is a whistled hoo-hoo-hoo-hoo, usually in E flat. It is easily imitated, and is used by birdwatchers to attract small birds intent on mobbing the pygmy owls.
Behavior and ecology

It can be readily located by the small birds that mob it while it is perched in a tree (up to 40 birds of 11 species have been recorded mobbing one owl).
Food and feeding

This species is crepuscular, but often hunts by day. It hunts a variety of birds, lizards, other reptiles, amphibians,[8][9] mammals, and insects. Specific examples of what these owls feed on include grasshoppers, crickets, scorpions, six-lined racerunners, four-lined skinks, Texas spotted whiptails, creamy-bellied thrushes, pale-breasted thrushes, eared doves, and mice.[10][11]
Breeding

The breeding season is from late winter to early spring. It is a cavity nesting bird (tree and columnar cactus cavities), laying 1-7 white eggs. Incubation is 28 days, with 27–30 days to fledging.
Status and conservation

The northernmost subspecies, G. b. cactorum, commonly called the cactus ferruginous pygmy owl, was a listed Endangered species under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. It This protected it in south-central Arizona from loss of habitat and buffel grass fires. Buffel grass catches fire very easily, which spreads to cacti, burning the owl's primary habitat. Its range extends over the border into Sonora, Mexico. G. b. cactorum was delisted in 2006. It was also considered to be an Imperiled Subspecies by NatureServe, [12] with the species as a whole considered Secure.[13]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Glaucidium brasilianum". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T61815999A95181606. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T61815999A95181606.en. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
Gmelin, Johann Friedrich (1788). Systema naturae per regna tria naturae : secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis (in Latin). Vol. 1, Part 1 (13th ed.). Lipsiae [Leipzig]: Georg. Emanuel. Beer. p. 289.
Marcgrave, Georg (1648). Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus (in Latin). Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden): Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium. pp. 212–213.
Boie, Friedrich (1826). "Generalübersicht der ornithologischen Ordnungen, Familien und Gattungen". Isis von Oken (in German and Latin). 19. cols 969–981 [970].
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2022). "Owls". IOC World Bird List Version 12.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 10 December 2022.
Jobling, James A. (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. p. 174. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
"Glaucidium brasilianum (Ferruginous pygmy owl)". Animal Diversity Web.
"Ferruginous Pygmy-Owl | the Peregrine Fund".
"Glaucidium brasilianum (Ferruginous pygmy owl)". Animal Diversity Web.
Proudfoot, Glenn. (2011). Owls of the World, 2nd ed. — Claus König and Friedhelm Weick . 2009. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut.
"Glaucidium brasilianum cactorum. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 15 December 2022.
"Glaucidium brasilianum. NatureServe Explorer 2.0". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 15 December 2022.