Malacocincla abbotti

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Cladus: Avemetatarsalia
Cladus: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauriformes
Cladus: Dracohors
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Eusaurischia
Subordo: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Cladus: Averostra
Cladus: Tetanurae
Cladus: Avetheropoda
Cladus: Coelurosauria
Cladus: Tyrannoraptora
Cladus: Maniraptoromorpha
Cladus: Maniraptoriformes
Cladus: Maniraptora
Cladus: Pennaraptora
Cladus: Paraves
Cladus: Eumaniraptora
Cladus: Avialae
Infraclassis: Aves
Cladus: Euavialae
Cladus: Avebrevicauda
Cladus: Pygostylia
Cladus: Ornithothoraces
Cladus: Ornithuromorpha
Cladus: Carinatae
Parvclassis: Neornithes
Cohors: Neognathae
Cladus: Neoaves
Cladus: Telluraves
Cladus: Australaves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Passeri
Infraordo: Passerida
Superfamilia: Sylvioidea

Familia: Pellorneidae
Genus: Malacocincla
Species: Malacocincla abbotti

Subspecies: M. a. abbotti - M. a. altera - M. a. baweana - M. a. finschi - M. a. krishnarajui - M. a. obscurius - M. a. olivacea - M. a. rufescentior - M. a. sirense - M. a. sirensis - M. a. williamsoni
Name

Malacocincla abbotti Blyth, 1845
Vernacular names
English: Abbott's babbler
español: Tordina de Abbott
français: Akalat d'Abbott
svenska: Roodstaartmuistimalia
中文: 阿氏雅鹛
References
The Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal 14 p. 601

Abbott's babbler (Malacocincla abbotti) is a species of bird in the family Pellorneidae. It is widely distributed along the Himalayas in South Asia and extending into the forests of Southeast Asia. They are short-tailed and stout birds which forage in pairs in dense undergrowth close to the ground and their presence is indicated by their distinctive calls.
Taxonomy

Abbott's babbler was described by the English zoologist Edward Blyth in 1845 and given the binomial name Malacocincla abbotti.[2] The genus name Malacocincla combines the Ancient Greek malakos meaning "soft" with modern Latin cinclus, meaning "thrush"; referring to the birds' full and drooping plumage. The specific name abbotti was chosen by Blyth to honour the specimen collector, Lieutenant Colonel J. R. Abbott (1811–1888), who served in British India as Assistant Commissioner of the Arakan from 1837 to 1845.[3] Blyth erected the new genus Malacocincla for this species, but subsequent workers placed the species in Turdinus and Trichastoma. A revision reinstated its placement in Malacocincla in 1985. A 2001 study confirmed the cohesiveness of the Trichastoma group but a 2012 study shows that M. abbotti and M. sepiaria are in a clade along with Napothera, while M. cinereiceps and M. malaccensis fall into a different clade along with the genus Trichastoma and several species of Pellorneum.[4][5][6] An isolated population occurs in the Visakhapatnam Ghats, well separated from the nearest main distribution along the Himalayas and was named after Indian ornithologist K.S.R. Krishna Raju by Dillon Ripley and Bruce Beehler in 1985.[7] The nominate population is from southern Myanmar and extends to southern Tenasserim and northwestern Malaya including the Langkawi Islands. Several other populations of this widespread species have been named as subspecies and not all are recognized. The population in the eastern Himalayas from eastern Nepal to Sikkim and Assam was named as amabile, but is now considered within the nominate subspecies. Others include altera (central Laos and Annam), williamsoni (eastern Thailand and northwestern Cambodia), obscurior (coastal southeastern Thailand), olivaceum (Peninsular Thailand and Malaya), sirense (Borneo, Pulau Mata Siri), and baweanum (Bawean Island).[8]

Eight subspecies are recognized:[9]

M. a. abbotti Blyth, 1845 – east Himalayas to central Malay Peninsula
M. a. krishnarajui Ripley & Beehler, 1985 – east India
M. a. williamsoni Deignan, 1948 – east Thailand to south Vietnam
M. a. obscurior Deignan, 1948 – east Thailand and southwest Cambodia
M. a. altera Sims, 1957 – central Laos and central Vietnam
M. a. olivacea Strickland, 1847 – south Malay Peninsula and Sumatra
M. a. concreta Büttikofer, 1895 – Borneo and Belitung Island
M. a. baweana Oberholser, 1917 – Bawean Island (north of Java)

Description
Head showing the strong bill

The adult Abbott's babbler is a nondescript, brown, short-tailed babbler that moves about in the low vegetation often near streams and in the vicinity of tree ferns and tangled vegetation. The throat is gray-white while the center of the belly is white, and the flanks are olive. The undertail coverts are rusty-colored. The sexes are alike. It has a short tail and heavy bill; it is drab olive-brown with bright rusty lower flanks and vent, a grayish-white throat and breast, and variable pale gray supercilium and lores. Juvenile birds have dark rufescent-brown crowns and upperparts. The calls are distinctive.[10][11][12][13] The subspecies M. a. krishnarajui of the Eastern Ghats has a darker russet tail and rump than the Himalayan nominate subspecies. Specimens measure 12–13 cm (4.7–5.1 in) in length, with a head of 39–44 mm (1.5–1.7 in), and a tail of 55–61 mm (2.2–2.4 in).[11]
Distribution and habitat
By John Gerrard Keulemans

In South Asia, Abbott's babbler is resident from Nepal to Arunachal Pradesh and the Assam Valley in India, south throughout the South Assam hills, including Meghalaya and south through the Lushai Hills. It is also resident in east and south Bangladesh (around Jessore and Khulna[14]), and the Eastern Ghats in northeast Andhra Pradesh and Odisha.[15] It occurs up to 600 m (2,000 ft), 275 m (902 ft) in Nepal. It is widely distributed across Southeast Asia.[8]

It is common across much of its large range.[1] It is seen in the understory of broadleaved evergreen forest, forest edge, secondary growth, and scrub. In Singapore, they have been noted as being tolerant to disturbance and adapting to secondary growth, and disturbed forest.[16]
Behavior and ecology

Abbott's babbler usually moves around in pairs close to the ground. They breed from April to July (summer monsoon), with the nest being a carefully placed but bulky cup low in palms or other undergrowth. A study in Thailand found that most nests are placed in spiny palms and rattans.[17] The usual clutch is 3 to 5 eggs which are bright salmon with dark blotches and red lines. When disturbed at the nest, the birds slip over the edge and fly with labored wing beats and then hop out of sight.[10][18] More than one brood may be raised in a season.[19]

Their distinctive calls consists of three or four notes with the a drop on the middle note. The antiphonal duet of a male and female has the male leading with a "poor'ol bear", followed by the female's "dear dear". The tunes may however change over time.[20] The birds tend to remain within a well marked area and do not wander widely.[10] The song is a variable short series of around three to four notes of rich, fluty, liquid, slurred, short whistled notes; these are sometimes delivered haltingly and sometimes rapidly. The evening group song consists of a recurrent sputtering "churrr" sound, which is low and slurred; ending with a sharp "chreep". Calls include soft mewing notes, and a pulsing, purring trill when agitated.[11]
References

BirdLife International (2016). "Malacocincla abbotti". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22715811A94470132. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22715811A94470132.en. Retrieved 6 September 2021.
Blyth, Edward (1845). "Notices and descriptions of various new and little known species of birds". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. 14 (part 2, No. 164): 546–602 [601].
Jobling, James A. (1992). A Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. Oxford University Press. p. 1. ISBN 0-19-854634-3.
Ripley, S.D.; Beehler, B.M. (1985). "A revision of the babbler genus Trichastoma and its allies (Aves: Timaliinae)". Ibis. 127 (4): 495–509. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1985.tb04844.x.
Wells, D.R.; Andrew, P.; van den Berg, A.B. (2001). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 21. Babbler jungle: a reevaluation of the "pyrrogenys" group of Asian pellorneines (Timaliidae)". Zoologische Verhandelingen. 335: 235–254.
Moyle, Robert G.; Andersen, Michael J.; Oliveros, Carl H.; Steinheimer, Frank D.; Reddy, Sushma (2012-07-01). "Phylogeny and Biogeography of the Core Babblers (Aves: Timaliidae)". Systematic Biology. 61 (4): 631–651. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys027. ISSN 1076-836X. PMID 22328569.
Ripley, S.D.; Beehler, B.M. (1985). "A new subspecies of the babbler genus Malacocincla abbotti from the Eastern Ghats, India". Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club. 105 (2): 66–67.
Mayr E.; Paynter Jr., R.A., eds. (1964). Check-list of Birds of the World. Vol. 10. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Babblers, fulvettas". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
Ali, S.; Ripley, S.D. (1996). Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 127–128.
Rasmussen, P.C.; Anderton, J.C. (2005). Birds of South Asia. The Ripley Guide. Vol. 2. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. p. 424.
Baker, E.C.S. (1922). Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: Taylor and Francis. p. 260.
Oates, E.W. (1889). Blanford, W.T. (ed.). The Fauna of British India. Birds. Vol. 1. London: Taylor and Francis. p. 154.
Law, Satya Churn (1945). "Note on the occurrence of some hithero unrecorded birds in central and south Bengal". Ibis. 87 (3): 405–408. doi:10.1111/j.1474-919X.1945.tb01372.x.
Dasgupta, J.M. (1976). "Occurrence of Abbott's Babbler Trichastoma abbotti (Blyth) in Orissa". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 73 (1): 217–218.
Yong, D.L. (2009). "Persistence of babbler (Timaliidae) communities in Singapore forests" (PDF). Nature in Singapore. 2: 365–371.
Pobprasert, Korakoch; Gale, George A. (2010). "Nest-site selection by Abbott's Babblers Malacocincla abbotti in northeastern Thailand". Acta Ornithologica. 45 (1): 67–74. doi:10.3161/000164510X516100. S2CID 83523590.
Hume, A.O. (1889). Oates, E.W. (ed.). The Nests and Eggs of Indian Birds. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). London: R.H. Porter. p. 103.
Pierce, Andrew J.; Pobprasert, Korakoch; Gale, George A. (2004). "Breeding ecology and nesting success of Abbott's Babbler (Malacocincla abbotti)". The Wilson Bulletin. 116 (3): 275–277. doi:10.1676/04-010. S2CID 84715257.
Fleming, R.L.; Traylor, M.A. (1968). "Distributional notes on Nepal birds". Fieldiana: Zoology. 53 (3): 147–203 [194].