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Rostrhamus sociabilis

Rostrhamus sociabilis

Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Aves
Subclassis: Carinatae
Infraclassis: Neornithes
Parvclassis: Neognathae
Ordo: Falconiformes
Familia: Accipitridae
Subfamilia: Buteoninae
Genus: Rostrhamus
Species: Rostrhamus sociabilis
Subspecies: R. s. levis - R. s. major - R. s. plumbeus - R. s. sociabilis

Name

Rostrhamus sociabilis (Vieillot, 1817)

Reference

Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle Appliquée Aux Arts, principalement à l'Agriculture et à l'Economie rurale et domestique par une société de naturalistes et d'agriculteurs, avec des figures tirées des trois règnes de la nature. 18 p.318

Vernacular names
Internationalization
English: Snail Kite
Español: Caracolero común
Nederlands: Moeraswouw
Polski: Ślimakojad czerwonooki
Português: Gavião-caramujeiro

The Snail Kite, Rostrhamus sociabilis, is a bird of prey within the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures. Its relative, the Slender-billed Kite, is now again placed in Helicolestes, making the genus Rostrhamus monotypic. Usually placed in the milvine kites, the validity of that group is under investigation.

Description


Snail Kites are 36 to 45 cm (14 to 18 in) long with a 120 cm (47 in) wingspan. They weigh from 300 to 570 grams (11 to 20 oz).[2][3] They have long, broad, and rounded wings. It is long-tailed, with a white rump and undertail coverts. The dark, deeply hooked beak is an adaptation to its diet.

The adult male has dark blue-gray plumage with darker flight feathers. The legs and cere are red. The adult female has dark brown upperparts and heavily streaked pale underparts. She has a whitish face with darker areas behind and above the eye. The legs and cere are yellow or orange. The immature is similar to adult female, but the crown is streaked.

It flies slowly with its head facing downwards, looking for its main food, the large apple snails. For this reason, it is considered a molluscivore.
[edit] Distribution and ecology

The Snail Kite breeds in tropical South America, the Caribbean, and central and southern Florida in the United States. It is resident all-year in most of its range, but the southernmost population migrates north in winter and the Caribbean birds disperse widely outside the breeding season.

The Snail Kite is a locally endangered species in the Florida Everglades, with a population of less than 400 breeding pairs. Research has demonstrated [4] that water-level control in the Everglades is depleting the population of apple snails. However, this species is not generally threatened over its extensive range.

In fact, it might be locally increasing in numbers, such as in Central America. In El Salvador, it was first recorded in 1996. Since then, it has been regularly sighted, including immature birds, suggesting a resident breeding population might already exist in that country. On the other hand, most records are outside the breeding season, more indicative of post-breeding dispersal. In El Salvador, the species can be observed during the winter months at Embalse Cerrón Grande, Laguna El Jocotal, and especially Lago de Güija. Pomacea flagellata apple snails were propagated in El Salvador between 1982 and 1986 as food for fish stocks, and it seems that the widespread presence of high numbers of these snails has not gone unnoticed by the Snail Kite.[5]

This is a gregarious bird of freshwater wetlands, forming large winter roosts. Its diet consists almost exclusively of apple snails.

Snail Kites have been observed eating other prey items in Florida, including crayfish in the genus Procambarus and Black Crappie. It is believed that Snail Kites turn to these alternatives only when apple snails become scarce, such as during drought,[6] but further study is needed. On 14 May 2007, a birdwatcher photographed a Snail Kite feeding at a Red Swamp Crayfish farm in Clarendon County, South Carolina.[7][8]

It nests in a bush or on the ground, laying 3–4 eggs.

Footnotes

1. ^ BirdLife International (2004). Rostrhamus sociabilis. 2006. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 11 May 2006. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
2. ^ http://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Snail_Kite/id
3. ^ http://books.google.com
4. ^ "Lake Okeechobee Low Lake Stage Restoration Projects".
5. ^ Herrera et al. (2006)
6. ^ Davis, Steven M.; John C. Ogden (1994). Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration. CRC Press. p. 508. ISBN 9780963403025. http://books.google.com/books?id=yIBAHbgWxTAC&source=gbs_navlinks_s.
7. ^ Pogatchnik, Shawn (2007-06-12). "Bird watcher spots snail kite in S.C.". Associated Press. News Room Media. http://www.newsroommedia.com/story.php?id=500.1. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
8. ^ "Everglade Snail Kite discovered near Rimini, SC". Cape Romain Bird Observatory. http://www.crbo.net/SC_SnailKite.html. Retrieved 2009-07-30.


References


* Herrera, Néstor; Rivera, Roberto; Ibarra Portillo, Ricardo & Rodríguez, Wilfredo (2006): Nuevos registros para la avifauna de El Salvador. ["New records for the avifauna of El Salvador"]. Boletín de la Sociedad Antioqueña de Ornitología 16(2): 1-19. [Spanish with English abstract] PDF fulltext

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