Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Theria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Ordo: Pilosa
Subordo: Folivora
Familia: †Mylodontidae
Genus: Paramylodon
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Paramylodon is an extinct genus of ground sloth of the family Mylodontidae endemic to North America during the Pliocene through Pleistocene epochs, endemic to North America living from around ~4.9 Mya—11,000 years ago, existing for approximately 4.889 million years.
Overview
Paramylodon is known from North America deposits as far south as Guatemala as well as Mexico and the United States and often mistaken as Glossotherium. Currently there is just one recognized species, P. harlani, that is commonly referred to as Harlan's ground sloth in honor of American paleontologist Dr. Richard Harlan who first discovered and described a lower jaw in 1835. Paramylodon exhibits an interesting character of having had dermal ossicles, small bones embedded in the skin. This would have provided an interesting degree of protection to the animal, and this character is also shared by the South American Mylodon.
Taxonomic History
The genus was created by Barnum Brown in 1903 with the species P. nebrascensis. The skull showed a number of characters similar to that of Mylodon harlani, which was also known from North America, but differed in the number of teeth present in the maxilla. Paramylodon had four teeth in the upper dentition, similar to that of Grypotherium darwini (=Mylodon darwini), but the then recognized genus of Mylodon possessed five upper teeth. P. nebrascensis was later considered to be a junior synonym of M. harlani by Stock (1925) given the large number of specimens from the La Brea Tar Pits that showed the presence of the upper caniniform to be variably lost in some specimens and retained in others. Thus the typical dental formula for the species of harlani is 5 / 4. Work by Kraglievich (1928) sorted through the long standing historical confusion concerning the taxonomic validity of Mylodon and Glossotherium, and determined what the type species of each genus was. An additional result was to recognize Paramylodon as generically different from Mylodon of South America and P. harlani was used as the species name as it had seniority over P. nebrascensis.
Until recently, Paramylodon was also viewed as a subspecies of Glossotherium and a number of institutions listed their specimens as Glossotherium harlani in part to work by Robertson (1976). Paramylodon is generically distinct from the South American genus of Glossotherium (see McAfee, 2007), although some question remains regarding the relationship of the late Blancan specimens that have been tentatively assigned as "Glossotherium" chapadmalense due to their seeming similarity to the South American species of the same name.
Fossil distribution
Sites and specimen ages (not complete):
* El Golfo de Santa Clara Site, Sonora, Mexico ~4.9—1.8 Mya.
* Tri-Britton Site, Hendry County, Florida ~2.1 Mya.—700,000 years ago.
* Turin Pit Site (or Elliott Pit) Monona County, Iowa ~1.8—300,00 years ago.
* Port Kennedy Cave Site, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania ~1.8 Mya.—300,00 years ago.
* Fairmead Landfill Site, Madera County, California ~1.8 Mya.—300,00 years ago.
* Rio de la Pasion Site, Peten, Guatemala ~100,000—11,000 years ago.
* Tualatin, Oregon-15,000 to 10,000 years ago.
* Medicine Hat Unit V Site, Alberta, Canada ~1.8 Ma—11,00 years ago.[1]
Notable discoveries
Recently a Paramylodon harlani specimen was identified from the Tarkio Valley site in Iowa association with Megalonyx jeffersoni. This is the first occurrence of Paramylodon in Iowa, and probably the first time these species have been found in close association.[2] Since, these two species have been uncovered at the Fairmead Landfill Site and Irvington Site in California.
On December 3, 2009, the Press-Enterprise newspaper reports a specimen skull to have been recovered in San Timoteo Canyon (http://www.pe.com/localnews/inland/stories/PE_News_Local_S_sloth03.2dc60eb.html).
References
1. ^ Paleobiology database: Medicine Hat Unit V collection.
2. ^ "Fourth sloth discovered", comment on The Tarkio Valley Sloth Project, http://slothcentral.com/archives/529/comment-page-1#comment-1787
General References
* Brown, B. (1903): A new genus of ground sloth from the Pleistocene of Nebraska. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 19:569-583.
* Harlan, R. (1935): Medical and physical researches. pp. 271-275; 314-336.
* Kraglievich, L. (1928): "Mylodon Darwin" Owen, es la especie genotipo de "Mylodon" Ow. Revista de la Sociedad Argentina de Ciencias Naturales, Physis: 9(33): 169-185.
* McAfee, R.K. (2007): Reassessing the Taxonomy and Affinities of the Mylodontinae Sloths, Glossotherium and Paramylodon (Mammalia: Xenarthra: Tardigrada). Ph.D. Dissertation, Northern Illinois University. DeKalb, IL: 177pp.
* Robertson, J. (1976): Latest Pleistocene mammals from Haile XV A, Alachua County, Florida. Bulletin of the Florida State Museum, 20(3):111-186.
* Stock, C. (1925): Cenozoic gravigrade edentates of western North America with special reference to the Pleistocene Megalonychinae and Mylodontidae of Rancho La Brea. Carnegie Institute of Washington, 331: 1-206.
