Caiman

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subdivisio: Pseudosuchia
Superordo: Crocodylomorpha
Ordo: Crocodilia
Subordo: Eusuchia

Familia: Alligatoridae
Subfamilia: Caimaninae
Genus: Caiman
Species: C. crocodilus - C. latirostris - C. yacare
Name

Caiman Spix, 1825
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Echte Kaimane
English: Caimans
suomi: Varsinaiset kaimaanit

Caiman is a genus of caimans within the alligatorid subfamily Caimaninae. They inhabit Central and South America. They are relatively small sized crocodilians, with all species reaching lengths of only a few meters and weighing 6 to 40 kg (13 to 88 lb) on average.

Characteristics

Caimans are similar to alligators in morphology but differ in having bony plates, known as osteoderms, buried in the skin on the underside. The broad-snouted and spectacled caimans are characterised by having a bony ridge across the bridge of the nose just below the eyes.[2] The yacare caiman is the largest species in the genus, attaining an average adult length of 2.5 to 3 m (8.2 to 9.8 ft),[3] the spectacled caiman reaches 2 to 2.5 m (6.6 to 8.2 ft), with the female rather smaller,[4] and the broad-snouted caiman is the smallest, more typically measuring 1.8 to 2 m (5.9 to 6.6 ft) for males and 1.2 to 1.4 m (3.9 to 4.6 ft) for females.[5]
Distribution and habitat

This genus is present in Central and South America. The spectacled caiman (Caiman crocodilus) occurs in Central America and parts of the northern half of South America at altitudes of up to about 800 m (2,600 ft). It is usually found in freshwater, but also visits the brackish water of estuaries on occasion. It has varying habitats including wetlands and slow-moving rivers and streams.[6] The yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) occurs in the central part of southern South America, particularly in the Pantanal region, the largest tropical wetland area in the world, which is flooded seasonally by the Paraguay River.[7] The broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris) occurs in central and eastern South America, its range including southeastern Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Uruguay and northern Argentina, within the drainage systems of the Paraná, Paraguay, Uruguay and São Francisco Rivers.[8]
Behaviour

Caimans spend much of their time basking on mudflats or in sunlit, muddy jungle streams. In the dry season, large numbers may accumulate in pools as the surrounding land dries up. They can move on land with some rapidity, hiss when disturbed, and young individuals can inflate themselves before opening their jaws aggressively. Caimans do not usually attack humans but domestic livestock are at risk. They seize their prey and drag it underwater to drown it. They may observe a potential prey, swim away, submerge and return to attack the floating bird or drinking mammal from underwater. Juvenile caimans feed on crustaceans and molluscs while larger animals feed on amphibians, fish, birds, mammals and reptiles.[2]

A caiman nest is a mound of vegetation and mud consolidated by the female by lying on it. She then digs a hole in it and buries a few dozen eggs in it. When these hatch, the juveniles use their egg teeth to break their way out. They are about 23 cm (9 in) long at hatching, growing to 60 cm (24 in) by a year later. They look like miniature versions of their parents but have relatively shorter snouts and larger eyes.[2]
Taxonomy
Extant species
Image Scientific name Common name Distribution
Yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) 2.jpg Caiman yacare Yacare caiman northeastern Argentina, Uruguay, southeastern Peru, eastern Bolivia, central/southwest Brazil, and the rivers of Paraguay
Spectacled Caiman.JPG Caiman crocodilus Spectacled caiman Central and South America
Jacaré de papo amarelo 2.jpg Caiman latirostris Broad-snouted caiman Brazil, northern Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, and Bolivia
Fossil species

Species known only from fossil remains:

†Caiman australis Bravard 1858 - Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina[9]
†Caiman brevirostris Souza Filho 1987 - Solimões Formation, Brazil and Urumaco Formation, Venezuela[10]
†Caiman gasparinae Bona & Carabajal 2013 - Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina[11]
†Caiman niteroiensis Souza et al. 1991 - Solimões Formation, Brazil[12]
†Caiman paranensis Scalabrini 1887 - Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina[13]
†Caiman praecursor Rusconi 1933 - Ituzaingó Formation, Argentina[14]
†Caiman venezuelensis Fortier & Rincón 2013 - Mesa Formation, Venezuela[15]
†Caiman wannlangstoni Salas Gismondi et al. 2015 - Honda Group, Colombia, Pebas Formation, Peru and Urumaco Formation, Venezuela[16]

References

Rio, Jonathan P.; Mannion, Philip D. (6 September 2021). "Phylogenetic analysis of a new morphological dataset elucidates the evolutionary history of Crocodylia and resolves the long-standing gharial problem". PeerJ. 9: e12094. doi:10.7717/peerj.12094.
Burton, Maurice; Burton, Robert (2002). International Wildlife Encyclopedia: Brown bear – cheetah. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 358–360. ISBN 978-0-7614-7269-8.
Briton, Adam. "Caiman yacare (Daudin, 1802)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
Briton, Adam. "Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
Briton, Adam. "Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801)". Crocodilian species list. Retrieved 2015-09-09.
Terry, Kayla (2010). "Caiman crocodilus: Common caiman, spectacled caiman". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
Smith, Roff (2013-07-01). "Yacare caiman: The Comeback Croc". National Geographic. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
Verdade, Luciano M.; Larriera, Alejandro; Piña, Carlos I. "Broad-snouted Caiman: Caiman latirostris" (PDF). IUCN. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-08. Retrieved 2015-09-08.
Caiman australis at Fossilworks.org
Caiman brevirostris at Fossilworks.org
Caiman gasparinae at Fossilworks.org
Niteroi at Fossilworks.org
Caiman paranensis at Fossilworks.org
Caiman praecursor at Fossilworks.org
Costa Fortiera y Ascanio Daniel Rincón, Daniel (2012). "Pleistocene crocodylians from Venezuela, and the description of a new species of Caiman". Quaternary International. 305: 141–148. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2012.03.018.
Rodolfo Salas-Gismondi; John J. Flynn; Patrice Baby; Julia V. Tejada-Lara; Frank P. Wesselingh; Pierre-Olivier Antoine (2015). "A Miocene hyperdiverse crocodylian community reveals peculiar trophic dynamics in proto-Amazonian mega-wetlands". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 282 (1804): 20142490. doi:10.1098/rspb.2014.2490. PMC 4375856. PMID 25716785.