Calumma

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Lepidosauromorpha
Superordo: Lepidosauria
Ordo: Squamata
Cladus: Unidentata Episquamata Toxicofera
Subordo: Iguania
Infraordo: Acrodonta

Familia: Chamaeleonidae
Subfamilia: Chamaeleoninae
Genus: Calumma
Species: C. amber – C. andringitraense – C. boettgeri – C. brevicorne – C. capuroni – C. crypticum – C. cucullatum – C. fallax – C. furcifer – C. gallus – C. gastrotaenia – C. glawi – C. globifer – C. guibei – C. guillaumeti – C. hafahafa – C. hilleniusi – C. jejy – C. juliae – C. lefona – C. linotum – C. malthe – C. marojezensis – C. nasutum – C. oshaughnessyi – C. parsonii – C. peltierorum – C. peyrierasi – C. roaloko – C. tarzan – C. tigris – C. tsaratananense – C. tsycorne – C. uetzi – C. vatosoa – C. vencesi – C. vohibola
Name

Calumma Gray, 1865
References

Gray, J.E. 1865. Revision of the Genera and Species of Entomophagous Edentata, founded on the examination of the Specimens in the British Museum. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London 33: 359–386. DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1865.tb02351.x BHL Reference page.
Prötzel, D., Ruthensteiner, B., Scherz, M.D. & Glaw, F. 2015. Systematic revision of the Malagasy chameleons Calumma boettgeri and C. linotum (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae). Zootaxa 4048(2): 211–231. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4048.2.4. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Prötzel, D., Lambert, S.M., Andrianasolo, G.T., Hutter, C.R., Cobb, K.A., Scherz, M.D. & Glaw, F. 2018. The smallest ‘true chameleon’ from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae). Zoosystematics and Evolution 94(2): 409–423. DOI: 10.3897/zse.94.27305 Reference page.

Links

Calumma at the New Reptile Database. Accessed on 12 Mar 2008.

Vernacular names
English: Madagascar & Seychelles Islands Chameleons

Calumma is a genus of chameleons endemic and restricted to Madagascar. The species formerly named Calumma tigris was transferred to the genus Archaius by Townsend et al.,[1] when they found that it is more closely related to Rieppeleon than to Calumma. The oldest fossil of the genus is known from the Early Miocene of Kenya, showing that the genus originated in Africa.[2]

Species groups

Four species groups are recognised within the genus Calumma (originally proposed by Glaw & Vences in 1994[3]), some of which may be only phenetic, while others are phylogenetically supported:[4][5]
Calumma furcifer species group

Contents: Calumma furcifer, C. gastrotaenia, C. marojezense, C. guillaumeti, C. andringitraense, C. glawi, C. vencesi

Species characterised by typically green body colouration, sleek body form, and generally no occipital lobes (flaps of skin posterior to the head; present only in C. glawi) and no rostral appendage (present only in males of C. furcifer).[3]
Calumma cucullatum species group

Contents: Calumma cucullatum, C. crypticum, C. amber, C. tsaratananense, C. hafahafa, C. hilleniusi, C. peltierorum, C. malthe, C. brevicorne, C. jejy, C. tsycorne

Species characterised by distinct occipital lobes and generally a single bony rostral appendage that is larger in males than females.[3]
Calumma nasutum species group

Contents: Calumma nasutum, C. fallax, C. gallus, C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. juliae, C. vatosoa, C. vohibola, C. peyrierasi, C. roaloko

Species characterised by a soft dermal rostral appendage (generally present in males and absent in females).[3] The following members possess occipital lobes: C. guibei, C. boettgeri, C. linotum, C. gehringi, C. uetzi, C. lefona, C. roaloko, and C. juliae.[6][7] These taxa are collectively referred to as the C. guibei species complex.[4][6] Occipital lobes are absent from all other species.[3] The assignment of C. peyrierasi to this group remains a subject of uncertainty.[8]
Calumma parsonii species group

Contents: Calumma globifer, C. ambreense, C. oshaughnessyi, C. parsonii, C. capuroni

Species characterised by large body size, males with paired rostral appendages, and some species with small occipital lobes.[3]
Species

The following 41 species are recognized as being valid as of October 2020:

Calumma amber Raxworthy [fr] & Nussbaum, 2006 – Amber Mountain chameleon
Calumma ambreense (Ramanantsoa, 1974)
Calumma andringitraense (Brygoo, [de] C. Blanc & Domergue, 1972)
Calumma boettgeri (Boulenger, 1888) – Boettger's chameleon
Calumma brevicorne (Günther, 1879) – short-horned chameleon
Calumma capuroni (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1972) – Madagascar chameleon
Calumma crypticum Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – blue-legged chameleon
Calumma cucullatum (Gray, 1831) – hooded chameleon
Calumma emelinae Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences, & Glaw, 2020
Calumma fallax (Mocquard, 1900) – deceptive chameleon
Calumma furcifer (Vaillant & Grandidier, 1880) – forked chameleon
Calumma gallus (Günther, 1877) – blade chameleon
Calumma gastrotaenia (Boulenger, 1888) – Perinet chameleon
Calumma gehringi Prötzel, Vences, Scherz, Vieites & Glaw, 2017
Calumma glawi Böhme, [de] 1997 – Glaw's chameleon
Calumma globifer (Günther, 1879) – globe-horned chameleon or flat-casqued chameleon
Calumma guibei (Hillenius, 1959) – Guibe's chameleon
Calumma guillaumeti (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1974)
Calumma hafahafa Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – bizarre-nosed chameleon
Calumma hilleniusi (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1973)
Calumma jejy Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – Marojejy Peak chameleon
Calumma juliae Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018
Calumma lefona Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018
Calumma linotum (L. Müller, 1924) – Amber Mountain blue-nosed chameleon
Calumma malthe (Günther, 1879) – yellow-green chameleon
Calumma marojezense (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1970)
Calumma nasutum (A.M.C. Duméril & Bibron, 1836) – big-nosed chameleon
Calumma oshaughnessyi (Günther, 1881) – O'Shaughnessy's chameleon
Calumma parsonii (Cuvier, 1824) – Parsons's chameleon
Calumma peltierorum Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – Peltier's chameleon
Calumma peyrierasi (Brygoo, C. Blanc & Domergue, 1974) – Brygoo's [de] chameleon, Peyriéras's chameleon[9]
Calumma radamanus (Mertens, 1933)
Calumma ratnasariae Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences & Glaw, 2020[10]
Calumma roaloko Prötzel, Lambert, Andrianasolo, Hutter, Cobb, Scherz & Glaw, 2018 – Two-toned soft-nosed chameleon[7]
Calumma tarzan Gehring, Pabijan, Ratsoavina, J. Köhler, Vences & Glaw, 2010 – Tarzan chameleon, Tarzan's chameleon
Calumma tjiasmantoi Prötzel, Scherz, Ratsoavina, Vences, & Glaw, 2020
Calumma tsaratananense (Brygoo & Domergue, 1967) – Tsaratanana chameleon
Calumma tsycorne Raxworthy & Nussbaum, 2006 – blunt-nosed chameleon
Calumma uetzi Prötzel, Vences, Hawlitschek, Scherz, Ratsoavina & Glaw, 2018 – Uetz's soft-nosed chameleon
Calumma vatosoa Andreone, [it] Mattioli, Jesu & Randrianirina, 2001
Calumma vencesi Andreone, Mattioli, Jesu & Randrianirina, 2001 – Vences's chameleon
Calumma vohibola Gehring, Ratsoavina, Vences & Glaw, 2011

Nota bene: A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than Calumma.
References

Townsend TM, Tolley KA, Glaw F, Böhme W, Vences M (2010). "Eastward from Africa: palaeocurrent-mediated chameleon dispersal to the Seychelles islands". Biology Letters. 7 (2): 225–228. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0701. PMC 3061160. PMID 20826471.
Čerňanský, Andrej; Herrel, Anthony; Kibii, Job M.; Anderson, Christopher V.; Boistel, Renaud; Lehmann, Thomas (December 2020). "The only complete articulated early Miocene chameleon skull (Rusinga Island, Kenya) suggests an African origin for Madagascar's endemic chameleons". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 109. Bibcode:2020NatSR..10..109C. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-57014-5. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6954250. PMID 31924840.
Glaw, Frank; Vences, Miguel (1994). A Fieldguide to the Amphibians and Reptiles of Madagascar, Second Edition. Cologne, Germany: Vences & Glaw Verlags GbR / Serpents Tale. 480 pp. ISBN 978-3929449-01-3.
Prötzel, David; Vences, Miguel; Scherz, Mark D.; Vieites, David R.; Glaw, Frank (2017). "Splitting and lumping: An integrative taxonomic assessment of Malagasy chameleons in the Calumma guibei complex results in the new species C. gehringi sp. nov" (PDF). Vertebrate Zoology. 67: 231–249.
Tolley, Krystal A.; Townsend, Ted M.; Vences, Miguel (2013-05-22). "Large-scale phylogeny of chameleons suggests African origins and Eocene diversification". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences. 280 (1759): 20130184. doi:10.1098/rspb.2013.0184. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 3619509. PMID 23536596.
Prötzel, David; Vences, Miguel; Hawlitschek, Oliver; Scherz, Mark D.; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Glaw, Frank (2018). "Endangered beauties: micro-CT cranial osteology, molecular genetics and external morphology reveal three new species of chameleons in the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 184 (2): 471–498. doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlx112.
Prötzel, David; Lambert, Shea M.; Andrianasolo, Ginah Tsiorisoa; Hutter, Carl R.; Cobb, Kerry A.; Scherz, Mark D.; Glaw, Frank (2018-10-19). "The smallest 'true chameleon' from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the Calumma boettgeri complex (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 94 (2): 409–423. doi:10.3897/zse.94.27305. ISSN 1860-0743.
Prötzel, David; Ruthensteiner, Bernhard; Glaw, Frank (2016-08-01). "No longer single! Description of female Calumma vatosoa (Squamata, Chamaeleonidae) including a review of the species and its systematic position". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 92 (1): 13–21. doi:10.3897/zse.92.6464. ISSN 1860-0743.
Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Calumma peyrierasi, p. 205).

Prötzel, David; Scherz, Mark D.; Ratsoavina, Fanomezana M.; Vences, Miguel; Glaw, Frank (2020). "Untangling the trees: Revision of the Calumma nasutum complex (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae)". doi:10.26049/VZ70-1-2020-3.