Aspredinidae

Cladus: Eukaryota
Supergroup: Opisthokonta
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Osteichthyes
Classis: Actinopterygii
Subclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Superordo: Ostariophysi
Ordo: Siluriformes
Familia: Aspredinidae
Genera: Acanthobunocephalus - Amaralia - Aspredinichthys - Aspredo - Bunocephalus - Dupouyichthys - Ernstichthys - Hoplomyzon - Micromyzon - Platystacus - Pterobunocephalus - Xyliphius

References

* Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors. 2006. FishBase, version (02/2006). [1]

The Aspredinidae are a small South American family of catfishes (order Siluriformes) also known as the banjo catfishes.[1]

Distribution

Aspredinids are found throughout the major tropical rivers of South America (e.g., Magdalena, Orinoco, Amazon, São Francisco, Paraguay-Paraná, and Uruguay).[2] Bunocephalus is the only genus found in rivers west of the Andes including the Atrato, San Juan, and Patia Rivers.[3]

Taxonomy

There are 13 genera in the family Aspredinidae.[2] A few of these genera have been described relatively recently, including Acanthobunocephalus in 1995, Micromyzon in 1996, and Pseudobunocephalus in 2008.[2][4][5] These genera are categorized into three subfamilies.[1][6] Pseudobunocephalus, the most recently described genus, is the most basal genus in the family; it was not assigned to any of the three subfamilies.[2]

Aspredinidae is often recognized as a part of the primarily Asian superfamily Sisoroidea as the sister group to the family Erethistidae.[1] However, other authors find that they are sister to the superfamily Doradoidea, which includes Doradidae, Auchenipteridae, and perhaps Mochokidae.[3][7]

Description

The common name of the family "banjo catfishes" refers to their overall body shape, with a depressed head and slender caudal peduncle, that in some species gives the appearance of a banjo.[3] Banjo catfishes lack an adipose fin. Most species lack the dorsal spine-locking mechanism.[1] Though their bodies are scaleless, their skin is completely keratinized and is covered by large, unculiferous tubercles arranged in longitudinal rows; the entire outer layer of skin may be shed.[1][3] Size ranges from less than 2.0 centimetres (.79 in) SL in Hoplomyzon papillatus to Aspredo aspredo at about 38 centimetres (15 in) SL, though most are less than 15 cm.[1][3] Most species exhibit cryptic coloration.[3] Aspredinids have a loss of alarm cells and the fright reaction that is present in other ostariophysans.[3]

Sexual dimorphism is exhibited in most species in that mature females are typically larger than males; this is, however, reversed in Hoplomyzon sexpapilostoma. Also, in Aspredo and Platystacus the dorsal fin spine is much longer in males than in females.[3]

Ecology

Aspredinids live in a variety of habitats ranging from shallow backwaters to deep river channels to tidal estuaries. Some aspredinids appear to be semi-fossorial, during the day often resting slightly buried in leaf litter or other soft substrates.[2] Members of the subfamily Aspredininae inhabit coastal rivers and brackish water habitats such as mangrove swamps.[8][9]

In general, most species are cryptically pigmented, benthic, and rather sluggish unless disturbed.[2] Like most fish, they are able to swim by undulating their bodies; however, they also propel themselves by pumping water through their gill openings to skip along the substrate.[3] Some species are able to produce sounds by moving their pectoral fin spines back and forth when they are agitated.[3] Most aspredinids are generalized omnivores that feed on aquatic and terrestrial invertebrates and organic debris; however, members of Amaralia appear to specialize in feeding on the eggs of other catfishes.[3]

A peculiarity of the catfishes in the subfamily Aspredininae is that after the female's eggs are fertilised by the male, she attaches them to her belly and carries them to shallow water to hatch.[8] In Pterobunocephalus, the eggs are directly attached to the body, while in the other three genera of the subfamily, the eggs are attached to cotylephores, which are fleshy stalks that develop seasonally on the underside of the body that may function in exchange of materials between the mother and her developing embryos.[3] It has been hypothesised that because these catfish live in muddy environments, this behaviour gives the eggs better access to oxygenated water.[10]

Accounts of reproduction in Bunocephalus vary; some sources state that they are egg-scatterers without any parental care, while others note them to build a depression for a nest and guard the eggs.[3]

In the aquarium

A few banjo catfishes are kept as aquarium fish, predominantly the smaller members of the subfamily Aspredininae. Their requirements are similar to those of other tropical South American fish, preferring slightly acidic, not too hard water maintained at 20–25°C (68–77°F).[8] Since these species are nocturnal burrowers, they need an aquarium with a soft, sandy substrate into which they will hide during the daytime and forage in at night. Sharp sand or coarse gravel will damage their whiskers. Although not schooling fish they are tolerant of their own kind and also get along with other small aquarium species.[11]

References

1. ^ a b c d e f g Nelson, Joseph S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0-471-25031-7.
2. ^ a b c d e f Friel, John P. (2008). "Pseudobunocephalus, a new genus of banjo catfish with the description of a new species from the Orinoco River system of Colombia and Venezuela (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)". Neotropical Ichthyology 6 (3): 293–300.
3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Friel, John Patrick (1994-12-13) (PDF). A Phylogenetic Study of the Neotropical Banjo Catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes: Aspredinidae). Duke University, Durham, NC. http://www.cumv.cornell.edu/pdf/Friel_Ph.D._Thesis_1994.pdf. Retrieved 2007-08-07.
4. ^ Friel, J (1995). "Acanthobunocephalus nicoi, a new genus and species of miniature banjo-catfish from the upper Orinoco and Casiquiare Rivers, Venezuela. (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae)". Ichthyological Explorations of Freshwaters 6 (1): 89–95.
5. ^ Friel, John P.; Lundberg, John G. (Aug. 1, 1996). "Micromyzon akamai, Gen. et Sp. Nov., a Small and Eyeless Banjo Catfish (Siluriformes: Aspredinidae) from the River Channels of the Lower Amazon Basin". Copeia 1996 (3): 641–648. doi:10.2307/1447528. http://jstor.org/stable/1447528.
6. ^ Ferraris, Carl J., Jr. (2007). "Checklist of catfishes, recent and fossil (Osteichthyes: Siluriformes), and catalogue of siluriform primary types" (PDF). Zootaxa 1418: 1–628. http://silurus.acnatsci.org/ACSI/library/biblios/2007_Ferraris_Catfish_Checklist.pdf. Retrieved 2009-06-24.
7. ^ Sullivan, JP; Lundberg JG; Hardman M (2006). "A phylogenetic analysis of the major groups of catfishes (Teleostei: Siluriformes) using rag1 and rag2 nuclear gene sequences". Mol Phylogenet Evol. 41 (3): 636–62. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.044. PMID 16876440.
8. ^ a b c Sands D.: South American Catfishes, Interpet 1988, ISBN 0-86101-348-4
9. ^ Monks N. (editor): Brackish Water Fishes, TFH 2006, ISBN 0-7938-0564-3
10. ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2007). "Platystacus cotylephorus" in FishBase. Aug 2007 version.
11. ^ Editore, Arnoldo. Freshwater and Marine Aquarium Fishes. Simon and Shuster 1976, ISBN 0-6712-2809-9