Superregnum : Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Spariformes
Familia: Sparidae
Genus: Sparus
Species: Sparus aurata
Name
Sparus aurata Linnaeus, 1758
References
Linnaeus, C. 1758. Systema Naturae per regna tria naturæ, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis, Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata. Holmiæ: impensis direct. Laurentii Salvii. i–ii, 1–824 pp DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.542: 277. Reference page.
Sparus aurata in the World Register of Marine Species
Sparus aurata – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Vernacular names
العربية: دنيس
български: Ципура
brezhoneg: Glazenn fri aour
català: Orada
corsu: Palmata
Deutsch: Goldbrasse
Ελληνικά: Τσιπούρα
English: Gilt-head bream
español: Dorada
eesti: Kuld-merikoger
euskara: Urraburu
français: Daurade royale
galego: Dourada
עברית: ספרוס זהוב
hrvatski: Komarča
Kreyòl ayisyen: Dorad
italiano: Orata
日本語: ヨーロッパヘダイ
lingála: Libundu
lietuvių: Auksaspalvis sparas
Nederlands: Goudbrasem
polski: Dorada
română: Doradă
русский: Золотистый спар, Дорада
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Komarča
slovenščina: Orada
српски / srpski: Орада
svenska: Guldsparid
Türkçe: Çipura
українська: Спар
中文: 金頭鯛
The gilt-head (sea) bream (Sparus aurata), called Orata in antiquity and still today in Italy (while in Spain is "Dorada" and in France is "Dorade Royale"), is a fish of the bream family Sparidae found in the Mediterranean Sea and the eastern coastal regions of the North Atlantic Ocean. It commonly reaches about 35 centimetres (1.15 ft) in length, but may reach 70 cm (2.3 ft) and weigh up to about 7.36 kilograms (16.2 lb).[2]
The gilt-head bream is generally considered the best-tasting of the breams. It is the single species of the genus Sparus – the Latin name for this fish[3] – which has given the whole family of Sparidae its name. Its specific name, aurata, derives from the gold bar marking between its eyes.
The genome of the species was released in 2018, where the authors detected fast evolution of ovary-biased genes likely resulting from the peculiar reproduction mode of the species.[4]
Biology
The gilt-head bream at Spiaggia de La Pelosa on the north west coast of Sardinia, Italy.
It is typically found at depths of 0–30 metres (0–98 ft), but may occur up to 150 m (490 ft),[2] seen singly or in small groups near seagrass or over sandy bottoms, but sometimes in estuaries during the spring.[2]
It mainly feeds on shellfish, but also some plant material.[2]
Part of a gilt-head bream
Gilthead seabream is an esteemed food fish, but catches of wild fish have been relatively modest, between 6,100 and 9,600 tonnes in 2000–2009, primarily from the Mediterranean.[5] In addition, gilthead seabream have traditionally been cultured extensively in coastal lagoons and saltwater ponds. However, intensive rearing systems were developed during the 1980s, and gilthead seabream has become an important aquaculture species, primarily in the Mediterranean area and Portugal. Reported production was negligible until the late 1980s, but reached 140,000 tonnes in 2010, thus dwarfing the capture fisheries production.[6] Greece is the biggest seabream producer in Europe, followed by Turkey.[7]
Gilthead seabream in aquaculture are susceptible to parasitic infections, including from Enterospora nucleophila.
Cuisine
grilled Orata
The fish is widely used in Mediterranean cooking, under a variety of names. In Tunisia, it is known locally as "Dorate". In Spain, it is known as "dorada."
References
Russell, B.; Carpenter, K.E.; Pollard, D. (2014). "Sparus aurata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T170253A1302459. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-3.RLTS.T170253A1302459.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2010). "Sparus aurata" in FishBase. October 2010 version.
sparus. Charlton T. Lewis; Charles Short. A Latin Dictionary. Perseus Project.
Pauletto, Marianna; Manousaki, Tereza; Ferraresso, Serena; Babbucci, Massimiliano; Tsakogiannis, Alexandros; Louro, Bruno; Vitulo, Nicola; Quoc, Viet Ha; Carraro, Roberta (2018-08-17). "Genomic analysis of Sparus aurata reveals the evolutionary dynamics of sex-biased genes in a sequential hermaphrodite fish". Communications Biology. 1 (1): 119. doi:10.1038/s42003-018-0122-7. ISSN 2399-3642. PMC 6123679. PMID 30271999.
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2011). Yearbook of fishery and aquaculture statistics 2009. Capture production (PDF). Rome: FAO. p. 163. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-05-19.
"Sparus aurata (Linnaeus, 1758)". Cultured Aquatic Species Information Programme. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department. Retrieved 22 September 2012.
"FAO Fisheries & Aquaculture National Aquaculture Sector Overview (NASO)".
Alan Davidson, Mediterranean Seafood, Penguin, 1972. ISBN 0-14-046174-4, pp. 86–108.
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