Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Annelida
Classis: Polychaeta
Subclassis: Palpata
Ordo: Aciculata
Subordo Eunicida
Familia: Amphinomidae
Genera: Alleurythoe – Amphinome - Bathychloeia - Bathynotopygos - Benthoscolex - Branchamphinome - Chloeia - Chloenopsis - Cryptonome – Didymobranchus - Eurythoe - Hermodice - Hipponoa - Linopherus - Notopygos - Parachloeia - Paramphinome - Pareurythoe - Pherecardia - Pherecardites - Rostraria - Sangiria - Thetisella - Veleda - Zothea
Name
Amphinomidae Savigny in Lamarck, 1818
References
Template:Savigny, 1818
Jimi, N., Kimura, T., Ogawa, A. & Kajihara, H. 2018. A new species of the rare, deep-sea polychaete genus Benthoscolex from the Sea of Kumano, Japan (Annelida, Amphinomidae). ZooKeys 738: 81–88. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.738.22927 Reference page.
Sun, Y. & Li, X-Z. 2016. A new species of Linopherus (Annelida, Amphinomidae) from Beibu Gulf, South China Sea. ZooKeys 640: 37-43. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.640.9619. Reference page.
Sun, Y. & Li, X-Z. 2017. A new genus and species of bristle worm from Beibu Gulf, South China Sea (Annelida, Polychaeta, Amphinomidae). ZooKeys 708: 1—10. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.708.12967. Reference page.
Amphinomidae, also known as the bristle worms or sea mice,[2] are a family of marine polychaetes, many species of which bear chaetae mineralized with carbonate.[3] The best-known amphinomids are the fireworms, which can cause great pain if their toxin-coated chaetae are touched or trodden on.[4] Their relationship to other polychaete groups is somewhat poorly resolved.[4]
Complanine
Complanine is a quaternary ammonium salt that has been isolated from the marine fireworm Eurythoe complanata. It causes an inflammatory effect upon contact with the skin or mucous membranes.
It was previously known that handling the fireworm caused it to release a chemical that induces inflammation of the skin of marine predators and mammals (including humans). Complanine was the first compound isolated from the fireworm which causes these effects.[5][6] It is presumed that this compound's function is to deter predators of the fireworm.
Species
Chloeia flava
Cryptonome conclava
Eurythoe complanata
Hermodice carunculata
Hermodice carunculata
Notopygos ornata
Paramphinome jeffreysii
Pherecardia striata
Most genera in Amphinomidae are divided into two subfamilies: Amphinominae, and Archinominae.[7][a]
Ankitokazoa Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005†
Ankitokazoa bezanozanoi Alessandrello & Bracchi, 2005†
Bathynotopygos Kucheruk, 1981
Bathynotopygos abyssalis Kucheruk, 1981
Pherecardites Horst, 1912
Pherecardites parva Horst, 1912
Pherecardites quinquemaculata Augener, 1927
Sangiria Horst, 1911
Sangiria hystrix Horst, 1911
Zothea Risso, 1826
Zothea meridionalis Risso, 1826
Amphinominae Lamarck, 1818
Alleurythoe Sun & Li, 2017
Alleurythoe tenuichaeta Sun & Li, 2017
Amphinome Bruguière, 1789
Amphinome bruguieresi Quatrefages, 1866
Amphinome carnea Grube, 1856
Amphinome nigrobranchiata Horst, 1912
Amphinome praelonga Haswell, 1878
Amphinome rostrata (Pallas, 1766)
Amphinome savignyi Brulle, 1832
Amphinome stylifera Grube, 1860
Amphinome umbo Grube, 1870
Amphinome vagans (Savigny, 1822)
Benthoscolex Horst, 1912
Benthoscolex coecus Horst, 1912
Benthoscolex cubanus Hartman, 1942
Benthoscolex microcarunculata (Treadwell, 1901)
Benthoscolex seisuiae Jimi, Kimura, Ogawa & Kajihara, 2018
Branchamphinome Hartman, 1967
Branchamphinome antarctica Hartman, 1967
Branchamphinome islandica Detinova, 1986
Branchamphinome tropicalis Barroso, Ranauro & Kudenov, 2017
Cryptonome Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012
Cryptonome barbada Barroso, Kudenov, Halanych, Saeedi, Sumida & Bernardino, 2018
Cryptonome conclava Borda, Kudenov, Bienhold & Rouse, 2012
Cryptonome parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912)
Cryptonome turcica (Çinar, 2008)
Eurythoe Kinberg, 1857
Eurythoe brasiliensis Hansen, 1882
Eurythoe clavata Baird, 1868
Eurythoe complanata (Pallas, 1766)
Eurythoe dubia Horst, 1912
Eurythoe encopochaeta (Schmarda, 1861)
Eurythoe hedenborgi Kinberg, 1857
Eurythoe indica (Schmarda, 1861)
Eurythoe karachiensis Bindra, 1927
Eurythoe laevisetis Fauvel, 1914
Eurythoe longicirra (Schmarda, 1861)
Eurythoe matthaii Bindra, 1927
Eurythoe paupera (Grube, 1856)
Eurythoe rullieri Fauvel, 1953
Eurythoe syriaca Kinberg, 1857
Hermodice Kinberg, 1857
Hermodice carunculata (Pallas, 1766)
Hermodice sanguinea (Schmarda, 1861)
Hermodice savignyi (Brulle, 1832)
Hermodice smaragdina (Schmarda, 1861)
Hipponoe Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830
Hipponoe gaudichaudi Audouin & Milne Edwards, 1830
Linopherus Quatrefages, 1866
Linopherus abyssalis (Fauchald, 1972)
Linopherus acarunculatus (Monro, 1937)
Linopherus ambigua (Monro, 1933)
Linopherus annulata (Hartmann-Schröder, 1965)
Linopherus beibuwanensis Sun & Li, 2016
Linopherus brevis (Grube, 1878)
Linopherus canariensis Langerhans, 1881
Linopherus fauchaldi San Martín, 1986
Linopherus hemuli (Fauchald, 1972)
Linopherus hirsuta (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)
Linopherus incarunculata (Peters, 1854)
Linopherus kristiani Salazar-Vallejo, 1987
Linopherus microcephala (Fauvel, 1932)
Linopherus minuta (Knox, 1960)
Linopherus oculata (Treadwell, 1941)
Linopherus oculifera (Augener, 1913)
Linopherus oligobranchia (Wu, Shen & Chen, 1975)
Linopherus paucibranchiata (Fauvel, 1932)
Linopherus reducta (Kudenov & Blake, 1985)
Linopherus spiralis (Wesenberg-Lund, 1949)
Linopherus tripunctata (Kudenov, 1975)
Paramphinome M. Sars in G. Sars 1872
Paramphinome australis Monro, 1930
Paramphinome besnardi Temperini in Amaral & Nonato, 1994
Paramphinome grandis Gustafson, 1930
Paramphinome indica Fauvel, 1932
Paramphinome jeffreysii (McIntosh, 1868)
Paramphinome pacifica Fauchald & Hancock, 1981
Paramphinome posterobranchiata Barroso & Paiva, 2008
Paramphinome splendens Gustafson, 1930
Paramphinome trionyx Intes & Le Loeuff, 1975
Pareurythoe Gustafson, 1930
Pareurythoe americana Hartman, 1951
Pareurythoe borealis (M. Sars, 1862)
Pareurythoe californica (Johnson, 1897)
Pareurythoe chilensis (Kinberg, 1857)
Pareurythoe elongata (Treadwell, 1931)
Pareurythoe gracilis Gustafson, 1930
Pareurythoe japonica Gustafson, 1930
Pareurythoe parvecarunculata (Horst, 1912)
Pareurythoe pitipanaensis De Silva, 1965
Pareurythoe spirocirrata (Essenberg, 1917)
Pherecardia Horst, 1886
Pherecardia maculata Imajima, 2003
Pherecardia parva Monro, 1924
Pherecardia polylamellata Silva, 1960
Pherecardia striata (Kinberg, 1857)
Archinominae Kudenov, 1991
Archinome Kudenov, 1991
Archinome jasoni Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
Archinome levinae Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
Archinome rosacea (Blake, 1985)
Archinome storchi Fiege & Bock, 2009
Archinome tethyana Borda, Kudenov, Chevaldonné, Blake, Desbruyères, Fabri, Hourdez, Pleijel, Shank, Wilson, Schulze & Rouse, 2013
Bathychloeia Horst, 1910
Bathychloeia balloniformis Böggemann, 2009
Bathychloeia sibogae Horst, 1910
Chloeia Lamarck, 1818
Chloeia amphora Horst, 1910
Chloeia australis Kudenov, 1993
Chloeia bengalensis Kinberg, 1867
Chloeia bistriata Grube, 1868
Chloeia candida Kinberg, 1857
Chloeia conspicua Horst, 1910
Chloeia egena Grube, 1855
Chloeia entypa Chamberlin, 1919
Chloeia flava (Pallas, 1766)
Chloeia furcigera Quatrefages, 1866
Chloeia fusca McIntosh, 1885
Chloeia inermis Quatrefages, 1866
Chloeia kudenovi Barroso & Paiva, 2011
Chloeia macleayi Haswell, 1878
Chloeia maculata Potts, 1909
Chloeia malaica Kinberg, 1867
Chloeia nuda Quatrefages, 1866
Chloeia parva Baird, 1868
Chloeia pinnata Moore, 1911
Chloeia pseudeuglochis Augener, 1922
Chloeia quatrefagesii Baird, 1868
Chloeia rosea Potts, 1909
Chloeia rupestris Risso, 1826
Chloeia tumida Baird, 1868
Chloeia venusta Quatrefages, 1866
Chloeia violacea Horst, 1910
Chloeia viridis Schmarda, 1861
Chloenopsis Fauchald, 1977
Chloenopsis atlantica (McIntosh, 1885)
Notopygos Grube, 1855
Notopygos albiseta Holly, 1939
Notopygos andrewsi Monro, 1924
Notopygos caribea Yáñez-Rivera & Carrera-Parra, 2012
Notopygos cirratus Horst, 1911
Notopygos crinita Grube, 1855
Notopygos flavus Haswell, 1878
Notopygos gardineri Potts, 1909
Notopygos gigas Horst, 1911
Notopygos gregoryi Holly, 1939
Notopygos hispida Potts, 1909
Notopygos horsti Monro, 1924
Notopygos kekooa Borda, Yanez-Rivera, Ochoa, Kudenov, Sanchez-Ortiz, Schulze & Rouse, 2017
Notopygos labiatus McIntosh, 1885
Notopygos megalops McIntosh, 1885
Notopygos mitsukurii Izuka, 1910
Notopygos ornata Grube, 1856
Notopygos parvus Haswell, 1878
Notopygos rayneri (Baird, 1868)
Notopygos splendens (Kinberg, 1857)
Notopygos subpragigas Uschakov & Wu, 1962
Notopygos variabilis Potts, 1909
Parachloeia Horst, 1912
Parachloeia marmorata Horst, 1912
Subfamily not assigned
†Rollinschaeta Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015
†Rollinschaeta myoplena Parry, Wilson, Sykes, Edgecombe & Vinther, 2015
Notes
A binomial authority in parentheses indicates that the species was originally described in a genus other than the present genus.
References
Pleijel, F.; Rouse, G. W.; Vannier, J. (2004). "Carboniferous fireworms (Amphinomida : Annelida), with a discussion of species taxa in palaeontology". Invertebrate Systematics. 18 (6): 693. doi:10.1071/IS04003.
P. Gopalakrishnakone; National University of Singapore. Venom & Toxin Research Group (1990). A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals. NUS Press. p. 99. ISBN 978-9971-69-150-9.
Barroso, R. M.; Paiva, P. C. (2010). "A new deep-sea species of Chloeia (Polychaeta: Amphinomidae) from southern Brazil". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 91 (2): 419. doi:10.1017/S0025315410001499. S2CID 87982759.
Wiklund, H.; Nygren, A.; Pleijel, F.; Sundberg, P. (2008). "The phylogenetic relationships between Amphinomidae, Archinomidae and Euphrosinidae (Amphinomida: Aciculata: Polychaeta), inferred from molecular data". Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK. 88 (3): 509–513. doi:10.1017/S0025315408000982. S2CID 84732410.
Kazuhiko Nakamura; Yu Tachikawa; Makoto Kitamura; Osamu Ohno; Masami Suganuma; Daisuke Uemura (2008). "Complanine, an inflammation-inducing substance isolated from the marine fireworm Eurythoe complanata". Org. Biomol. Chem. 6 (12): 2058–2060. doi:10.1039/b803107j. PMID 18528565.
Nakamura, Kazuhiko; Tachikawa, Yu; Uemura, Daisuke (2009). "(−)-Complanine, an inflammatory substance of marine fireworm: a synthetic study". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry. 5: 12. doi:10.3762/bjoc.5.12. PMC 2686394. PMID 19478919.
"WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Amphinomidae Lamarck, 1818".
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