Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Parmeliaceae
Subfamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Letharia
Species: L. arboricola – L. arenaria – L. californica – L. columbiana – L. divaricata – L. gracilis – L. illyrica – L. mesomorpha – L. pirionii – L. soleirolii – L. subdivaricata – L. thamnodes – L. vulpina – L. wandelensis
Name
Letharia (Th.Fr.) Zahlbr., Hedwigia 31(1–2): 36 (1892). [MycoBank #2814] (nom. cons.)
Basionym
Evernia subdiv. Letharia Th.Fr., Lichenogr. Scand. 1(1): 32 (1871). [MycoBank #700192]
Homotypic synonyms
Chlorea Nyl., Mém. Soc. Imp. Sci. Nat. Cherbourg 3: 170 (1855). [MycoBank #1006] (nom. rej.)
Rhytidocaulon Nyl., Ann. Sci. Nat., Ser. 4, 11: 262 (1859). (nom. nud.)
Rhytidocaulon Nyl. ex Elenkin, Bull. Jard. Imp. Bot. Pierre le Grand 16(2): 263 (1916). [MycoBank #4742] (nom. rej.)
Nylanderaria Kuntze, Rev. Gen. Pl. 2: 876 (1891). [MycoBank #3532] (nom. rej.)
References
Bruyns, P.V. 1988. Proposal to Conserve 6877a Rhytidocaulon Bally (Asclepiadaceae: Stapelieae) against Rhytidocaulon Nylander ex Elenkin (Lichenes: Parmeliaceae). Taxon 37(2): 486–487. DOI: 10.2307/1222182 JSTOR Reference page.
Elenkin, A.A. 1916. Note sur un lichen rare Rhytidocaulon arboricola (Jatta) Elenk., suivie d'apercu critique des espèces de ce genre. Bulletin du Jardin Impérial Botanique de Pierre le Grand [Izviestiia Imperatorskago Botanicheskago Sada Petra Velikago] 16(2): 251–271. Reference page.
Fries, T.M. 1871. Lichenographia Scandinavica sive dispositio lichenum in Dania, Suecia, Norvegia, Fennia, Lapponia Rossica hactus collectorum. 1(1): 1–324. Mattick Rec.# 26735 – Recent Literature on Lichens HathiTrust Reference page.
Kuntze, O. 1891. Revisio generum plantarum vascularium omnium atque cellularium multarum secundum leges nomenclaturae internationales cum enumeratione plantarum exoticarum in itinere mundi collectarum. Pars II. Pp. 377–1011. Arthur Felix, Leipzig [etc.]. BHL Reference page.
Nylander, W. 1855. Essai d'une nouvelle classification des lichens (second mémoire). Mémoires de la Société Impériale des Sciences Naturelles de Cherbourg 3: 161–202. BHL Open access. Reference page.
Nylander, W. 1859. Lichenes in regionibus exoticis quibusdam vigentes exponit synopticis enumerationibus. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Botanique, Ser. 4, 11: 205–264. BHL Reference page.
Zahlbruckner, A. 1892. O. Kuntze's: “Revisio generum plantarum” mit Bezug auf einige Flechtengattungen. Hedwigia 31(1–2): 34–38. Mattick Rec.# 30668 – Recent Literature on Lichens BHL Reference page.
Brodo, I.M., Sharnoff, S.D. and Sharnoff, S. (2001) Letharia (pp. 411-413) In, Lichens of North America. Yale University Press, New Haven, 795 pages. (RLL List # 184 / Rec.# 22465 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (The Book)
Goward, T. 1999. The lichens of British Columbia - Illustrated Keys - Part 2 - Fruticose Species. Province of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests Research Program, 319 pp. (RLL List # 176 / Rec.# 6980 - Recent Literature on Lichens) Online Reference page. : Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. (pp. 183-184)
Grube, M/ Kroken, S (2000) Molecular approaches and the concept of species and species complexes in lichenized fungi. - Mycological Research 104(11): 1284–1294. (RLL List # 182 / Rec.# 21777 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Hale, M.E. and Cole, M. (1988) Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr. (pp. 155-156) In Lichens of California. University of California Press, 254 pages. (RLL List # 138 / Rec.# 7360 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Hue (1899) Lichenes extra-europaei a pluribus collectoribus ad Museum Parisiensi missi. - Nouv. Archiv. du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle de Paris\Nouv. Arch. Mus. hist. nat. Paris 1: 27–220. (Mattick Rec.# 27666 - Literature on Lichens)
Keissler, K. (1960) Usneaceae. In Rabenhorst's Kryptogamen-Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz 9, 5 (4): 1–755. Leipzig: Geest & Portig.
Kroken, S. (1999) Cryptic Speciation and the Role of Sex in the Lichenized Fungus Letharia. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley.
Kroken, S. and Taylor, J.W. (2001) A gene genealogical approach to recognize phylogenetic species boundaries in the lichenized fungus Letharia. Mycologia 93: 38–53. (RLL List # 182 / Rec.# 21807 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Web site)
Kroken, S. and Taylor, J.W. (2001) Outcrossing and recombination in the lichenized fungus Letharia. Fungal Genetics and Biology 34: 83–92. (RLL List # 186 / Rec.# 22917 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
McCune, B. and Altermann, S. (2009) Letharia gracilis (Parmeliaceae), a new species from California and Oregon. The Bryologist 112(2): 375–378. (RLL List # 215 / Rec.# 31231 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
McCune, B. and Geiser, L. (1997) Letharia (p. 147-148) Macrolichens of the Pacific Northwest. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 386 pp. (RLL List # 169 / Rec.# 12649 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Ryan, B.D. (2002) Letharia (pp. 267-270) In: Nash III, T.H., Ryan, B.D, Gries, C. and Bungartz, F. (eds.), Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol. 1. Lichens Unlimited, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 532 pages. (RLL List # 187 / Rec.# 23077 - Recent Literature on Lichens)
Thomson, J.W. (1969) Letharia californica is Letharia columbiana (Lichenes). Taxon 18: 535–537. (RLL List # 73 / Rec.# 18480 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (JSTOR)
Links
Index Fungorum: IF 2814
MycoBank: MB 2814
Vernacular names
English: Wolf lichens
Letharia is a genus of fruticose lichens belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.[2]
There were historically two species of Letharia: L. vulpina and L. columbiana.[3] Recent molecular sequence studies published in 2016 confirm at least 6 species in Western North America alone, with more expected to be confirmed using similar methods in other parts of the world.[4]
The typical photobiont is a green alga of genus Trebouxia.[5]
Here, Letharia vulpina is visualized using an infrared spectrometry. The chlorophyll in the fir needles reflects near infrared wavelengths of light, but the green vulpinic acid of the wolf lichen does not.
References
"Synonymy: Letharia (Th. Fr.) Zahlbr., Hedwigia 31: 36 (1892)". Species Fungorum. Retrieved 10 April 2021.
Wijayawardene, Nalin; Hyde, Kevin; Al-Ani, Laith Khalil Tawfeeq; Somayeh, Dolatabadi; Stadler, Marc; Haelewaters, Danny; et al. (2020). "Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa". Mycosphere. 11: 1060–1456. doi:10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8.
Brodo, Irwin (2001). Lichens of North America. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 411–413.
Altermann, Susanne; Leavitt, Steven D.; Goward, Trevor (September 2016). "Tidying up the genus Letharia: introducing L. lupina sp. nov. and a new circumscription for L. columbiana". The Lichenologist. 48 (5): 423–439. doi:10.1017/S0024282916000396. ISSN 0024-2829. S2CID 88840346.
"Letharia". Consortium of North American Lichen Herbaria.
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