Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Fungi
Subregnum: Dikarya
Divisio: Ascomycota
Subdivisio: Pezizomycotina
Classis: Lecanoromycetes
Subclassis: Lecanoromycetidae
Ordo: Lecanorales
Familia: Parmeliaceae
Subfamilia: Parmelioideae
Genus: Parmotrema
Species (312): P. aberrans – P. abessinicum – P. abnuens – P. acanthifolium – P. acrotrychum – P. adspersum – P. affluens – P. albinatum – P. aldabrense – P. alectoronicum – P. alidactylatum – P. amaniense – P. amboimense – P. anchietanum – P. andinum – P. appendiculatum – P. applanatum – P. apricum – P. aptrootii – P. araucariarum – P. argentinum – P. arnoldii – P. arteagum – P. asperum – P. aurantiacoparvum – P. austrocetratum – P. austromaculatum – P. austrosinense – P. balense – P. bangii – P. barioense – P. betaniae – P. bifidum – P. blanchetianum – P. bonplandii – P. brasiliense – P. breviciliatum – P. cachimboense – P. catarinae – P. cetratum – P. chiapense – P. ciliiferum – P. circinatum – P. clavuliferum – P. clercianum – P. commensuratum – P. compositum – P. concors – P. concurrens – P. conferendum – P. conformatum – P. confusum – P. conjunctum – P. consors – P. convolutum – P. cooperi – P. coralliforme – P. corniculans – P. cornutum – P. crassescens – P. crinitoides – P. crinitum – P. cristatum – P. cristiferum – P. cristobalii – P. crocoides – P. cryptoxanthoides – P. cryptoxanthum – P. defectum – P. deflectens – P. degelianum – P. delicatulum – P. demethylmicrophyllinicum – P. despectum – P. diacidulum – P. diffractaicum – P. dilatatum – P. direagens – P. disparile – P. diversum – P. dolosum – P. dominicanum – P. durumae – P. eborinum – P. eciliatum – P. eitenii – P. elacinulatum – P. eliasaroanum – P. endosulphureum – P. enteroxanthum – P. erasmium – P. erhizinosum – P. erubescens – P. eunetum – P. euplectinum – P. eurysacum – P. explanatum – P. exquisitum – P. fasciculatum – P. fistulatum – P. flaccidifolium – P. flavescens – P. flavomedullosum – P. flavotinctum – P. fleigiae – P. foliolosum – P. forsteri – P. fractum – P. fragilescens – P. fraudans – P. friabile – P. fumarprotocetraricum – P. gardneri – P. gibberosum – P. glaucocarpoides – P. gloriosum – P. gradsteinii – P. graniticum – P. granulare – P. grayanum – P. hababianum – P. haitiense – P. hanningtonianum – P. hawaiiense – P. hensseniae – P. herrei – P. hicksii – P. hololobum – P. homotomum – P. hypermaculatum – P. hypoleucinum – P. hypomiltoides – P. hypotropum – P. incrassatum – P. indicum – P. inexspectatum – P. insuetum – P. internexum – P. isidioinsuetum – P. jacarandicola – P. judithae – P. kahuziense – P. kainantum – P. kaisenikianum – P. kamatii – P. kwalense – P. laciniatulum – P. laciniellum – P. lacteum – P. lambinonii – P. lambleyi – P. laongii – P. larense – P. latissimum – P. leonis – P. lichexanthonicum – P. lividotessellatum – P. lobulascens – P. lobulatum – P. lobuliferum – P. lopezii – P. lophogenum – P. louisianae – P. luminosum – P. lyngeanum – P. machupicchuense – P. maclayanum – P. macrocarpum – P. madagascariaceum – P. madilynae – P. magnum – P. mantiqueirense – P. maraense – P. margaritatum – P. masonii – P. matudae – P. maximum – P. mazoense – P. melanochaetum – P. melanothrix – P. mellissii – P. merrillii – P. mesogenes – P. mesotropum – P. milanezii – P. mirandum – P. mordenii – P. moreliense – P. muelleri – P. myelochroum – P. myriolobulatum – P. nanfongense – P. naonii – P. nudum – P. natalense – P. neocaledonicum – P. neolobulascens – P. neopustulatum – P. neosticticum – P. neosubcrinitum – P. neotropicum – P. nilgherrense – P. norsticticatum – P. nylanderi – P. ochrocrinitum – P. ochroglaucum – P. olivarium – P. ornatulum – P. overeemii – P. pachydermum – P. pachysporum – P. pacificum – P. pancheri – P. paracrinitum – P. paradoxum – P. paraense – P. parahypotropum – P. paramoreliense – P. pardi – P. paulense – P. pectinatum – P. peralbidum – P. perforatum – P. perlatum – P. permutatum – P. petropoliense – P. pigmentiferum – P. pigmentosum – P. pilosum – P. planatilobatum – P. platyphyllinum – P. pontagrossense – P. poolii – P. praeinsuetum – P. praesorediosum – P. preperforatum – P. procerum – P. progenes – P. protolobulatum – P. pseudeunetum – P. pseudobreviciliatum – P. pseudocrinitum – P. pseudoexquisitum – P. pseudograyanum – P. pseudonilgherrense – P. pseudoreticulatum – P. pseudotinctorum – P. pustulatum – P. queenslandense – P. radiatum – P. ramescens – P. rampoddense – P. ramusculum – P. ravum – P. recipiendum – P. reitzii – P. reparatum – P. reterimulosum – P. reticulatum – P. rigidum – P. rimulosum – P. robustum – P. rubifaciens – P. rubromarginatum – P. ruminatum – P. ruptum – P. saccatilobum – P. sancti-angelii – P. schindleri – P. setchellii – P. sieberi – P. simulans – P. sorediiferum – P. soredioaliphaticum – P. sorediosulphuratum – P. soyauxii – P. spilotum – P. spinibarbe – P. stenopteris – P. stuhlmannii – P. stuppeum – P. subarnoldii – P. subcaperatum – P. subcoloratum – P. subcompositum – P. subcorallinum – P. subhanningtonianum – P. subisidiosum – P. sublatifolium – P. submarginale – P. subochraceum – P. subpallescens – P. subrigidum – P. subrugatum – P. subschimperi – P. subsumptum – P. subthomsonii – P. subtinctorium – P. subtropicum – P. succinreticulatum – P. sulphuratum – P. superaguiense – P. taitae – P. tandilense – P. thailandicum – P. thomsonii – P. tinctorum – P. tongaense – P. tsavoense – P. uberrimum – P. ultralucens – P. umbrosum – P. upretii – P. uruguense – P. vartakii – P. ventanicum – P. verrucisetosum – P. virescens – P. viridiflavum – P. vividum – P. wainii – P. warmingii – P. wirthii – P. wrightii – P. xanthinum – P. yodae – P. zicoi – P. zollingeri
Name
Parmotrema A.Massal., 1860
Type species: Parmotrema perforatum (Wulfen) A. Massal., 1860
References
A. Massal., Atti Inst. Veneto Sci. lett., ed Arti, Sér. 3 5: 248 (1860)
Massalongo, A. 1860: Esame comparativo di alcuni generi di licheni. - Atti dell'Istituto Veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti vol. 5, ser. 3: 247-267, 313-337. (Mattick Rec.# 34026 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (PDF file)
Blanco, O.; Crespo, A.; Divakar, P.K.; Elix, J.A. and Lumbsch, H.T. (2005) Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae). - Mycologia 97 (1): 150–159. (RLL List # 199 / Rec.# 27033 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (PDF file) (Full text)
Hale, M.E., Jr. 1974: New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo. - Phytologia 28: 334–339. (RLL List # 91-46 / Rec.# 7465 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (Biodiversity Heritage Library)
Jayalal, U., Divakar, P.K., Joshi, S., Oh, S.-O., Koh, Y.-J. & Hur, J.-S. 2013. The Lichen Genus Parmotrema in South Korea. Mycobiology 41(1): 25–36. DOI: 10.5941/MYCO.2013.41.1.25 Open access. Reference page.
Marcelli, M. and Ribeiro, C.H. (2002) Twenty-one new species of Parmeliaceae (lichenized fungi) from southeastern Brazil. - Mitteilungen aus dem Institut für Allgemeine Botanik in Hamburg 30-32: 125–155. (RLL List # 191 / Rec.# 24335 - Recent Literature on Lichens) (PDF file)
USDA Plants Database
MycoBank
Index Fungorum
Vernacular names
English: Ruffle lichens, Scatter-rug lichens
Parmotrema is a genus of lichen belonging to the family Parmeliaceae.[1] It is a large genus, containing an estimated 300 species,[2] with a centre of diversity in subtropical regions of South America and the Pacific Islands.[3]
Members of the genus are commonly called ruffle lichens or scatter-rag lichens.[4]: 83
Description
Parmotrema is characterized by its typically large, moderately to loosely-attached foliose thallus with broad lobes that are usually more than 5 mm wide. There is a broad, naked zone around the margin of the lower surface, an epicortex with pores and an upper cortex with a palisade-plectenchymatous arrangement of hyphae. Ascospores are thick-walled and ellipsoid.[5]
Taxonomy
The genus was proposed as a genus by Italian lichenologist Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo in 1860, with Parmotrema perforatum as the type species.[6] The genus name, composed of the Greek parmos (cup) and trema (perforation), refers to the perforate apothecia. Parmotrema was largely ignored as a genus,[7] and its species were usually grouped in section Amphigymnia of the large genus Parmelia.[8] Several genera previously segregated from Parmotrema have since been folded back in owing to molecular phylogenetic evidence, including Canomaculina, Concamerella, Parmelaria, and Rimelia.[3][9]
See also
List of Parmotrema species
References
Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58. Archived from the original on March 18, 2009.
Lücking, Robert; Hodkinson, Brendan P.; Leavitt, Steven D. (2017). "The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera". The Bryologist. 119 (4): 361–416. doi:10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361. S2CID 90258634.
Blanco, Oscar; Crespo, A.; Divakar, Pradeep K.; Elix, John A.; Lumbsch, H. Thorsten (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of parmotremoid lichens (Ascomycota, Parmeliaceae)". Mycologia. 97 (1): 150–159. doi:10.1080/15572536.2006.11832848. PMID 16389966. S2CID 218589317.
Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, ISBN 978-0-300-19500-2
Kurokawa, Syo; Lai, Ming-Jou (2001). "Parmelioid lichen genera and species in Taiwan". Mycotaxon. 77: 225–284.
Massalongo AB. (1860). "Esame comparativo di alcune genere di licheni". Atti dell'Istituto Veneto Scienze. 3 (in Italian). 5: 247–276.
Spielmann, Adriano Afonso; Marcelli, Marcelo Pinto (2009). "Parmotrema s.l. (Parmeliaceae, lichenized Ascomycota) from Serra Geral slopes in central Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil". Hoehnea. 36 (4): 551–595. doi:10.1590/S2236-89062009000400002.
Hale, Mason E. (1974). "New combinations in the lichen genus Parmotrema Massalongo". Phytologia. 28 (4): 334–339.
Crespo, A.; Kauff, F.; Divakar, P.K.; Prado, R. del; Pérez-Ortega, S.; Paz, G.A. de; Ferencova, Z.; Blanco, O.; Roca-Valiente, B.; Núñez-Zapata, J.; Cubas, P.; Argüello, A.; Elix, J.A.; Esslinger, T.L.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Millanes, A.M.; Molina, M.C.; Wedin, M.; Ahti, T.; Aptroot, A.; Barreno, E.; Bungartz, F.; Calvelo, S.; Candan, M.; Cole, M. J.; Ertz, D.; Goffinet, B.; Lindblom, L.; Lücking, R.; Lutzoni, F.; Mattsson, J.-E.; Messuti, M.I.; Miadlikowska, J.; Piercey-Normore, M.D.; Rico, V.J.; Sipman, H.; Schmitt, I.; Spribille, T.; Thell, A.; Thor, G.; Upreti, D.K.; Lumbsch, H.T. (2010). "Phylogenetic generic classification of parmelioid lichens (Parmeliaceae, Ascomycota) based on molecular, morphological and chemical evidence". Taxon. 59 (6): 1735–1753. doi:10.1002/tax.596008.
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