Acanthus

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Acanthaceae
Subfamilia: Acanthoideae
Tribus: Acantheae
Subtribus: Acanthinae
Genus: Acanthus
Species: A. albus – A. arboreus – A. austromontanus – A. carduaceus – A. caroli-alexandri – A. caudatus – A. dioscoridis – A. ebracteatus – A. eminens – A. flexicaulis – A. gaed – A. greuterianus – A. guineensis – A. hirsutus – A. hungaricus – A. ilicifolius – A. kulalensis – A. latisepalus – A. leucostachyus – A. longibracteatus – A. mayaccanus – A. mollis – A. montanus – A. polystachyus – A. sennii – A. seretii – A. spinosus – A. ueleensis – A. villaeanus – A. volubilis

Source(s) of checklist:

Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Acanthus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Oct 29. Reference page.

Name

Acanthus Tourn. ex L., Sp. Pl. 2: 639 ("939) (1753); Gen Pl. ed. 5: 286 (1754).

Type species: Acanthus mollis L., designated by M.L. Green, Prop. Brit. Bot. 170 (1929).)

Synonyms

Homotypic
Acanthodus Raf., Princ. Fond. Somiol. 25 (1814)
Heterotypic
Cheilopsis Moq., Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 27: 230 (1832).
Dilicaria T.Anderson, J. Proc. Linn. Soc., Bot. 7: 36 (1863).
Dilivaria Juss., Gen. Pl.: 103 (1789).
Zonablephis Raf., Sylva Tellur.: 143 (1838).

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 639. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 286. Reference page.

Additional references

Hitchcock, A.S. & Green, M.L. 1929. Standard species of Linnaean genera of Phanerogamae (1753–1754). pp. 111–195 in International Botanical Congress. Cambridge (England), 1930. Nomenclature. Proposals by British Botanists. His Majesty's Stationery Office, London. Biblioteca Digital Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2020. Acanthus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2020. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Oct 29. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2020. Acanthus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2020 Oct 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Acanthus. Published online. Accessed: Jun. 08 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Acanthus in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Jun. 08.
Tropicos.org 2018. Acanthus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 08 Jun. 2018.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Acanthus in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2020 Oct 29.
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2019. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Acanthus. .

Vernacular names
eesti: Karusõrg
suomi: Akantit
français: Acanthe
հայերեն: Ականթ, արջամագիլ, կեռանտ
italiano: Acanto
svenska: Akantusar
Türkçe: Ayıpençesi

Acanthus is a genus of about 30 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, native to tropical and warm temperate regions, with the highest species diversity in the Mediterranean Basin and Asia. This flowering plant is nectar producing and is susceptible to predation by butterflies, such as Anartia fatima, and other nectar feeding organisms. Common names include Acanthus and Bear's breeches. The generic name derives from the Greek term ἄκανθος (akanthos) for Acanthus mollis, a plant that was commonly imitated in Corinthian capitals.[2][3]

The genus comprises herbaceous perennial plants, rarely subshrubs, with spiny leaves and flower spikes bearing white or purplish flowers. Size varies from 0.4 to 2 m (1.3 to 6.6 ft) in height.

Selected species

Acanthus arboreus Forssk. (1775)
Acanthus austromontanus Vollesen
Acanthus balcanicus Heywood & I.Richardson (Syn. Acanthus hungaricus (Borbás) Baenitz, Acanthus longifolius Host) — native to the Balkans south of Dalmatia
Acanthus dioscoridis Willd.
Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl — This species occurs in South Asia, including Brunei Darussalam, China, South Taiwan, India, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Viet Nam, Cambodia, and Indonesia. In Australasia it is found in northeast Australia, northwest Australia, Papua New Guinea, and the Solomon Islands.
Acanthus eminens C.B.Clarke — native to tropical Africa
Acanthus greuterianus Snogerup, B.Snogerup & Strid (2006)[4][5] — This species was discovered in NW Greece.
Acanthus hirsutus Boiss. — native to Turkey, Syria
Acanthus ilicifolius L. — native to India and Sri Lanka
Acanthus kulalensis Vollesen
Acanthus latisepalus C.B. Clarke (1899)
Acanthus leucostachyus Wall. ex Nees. (1832)
Acanthus longibracteatus Kurz (1870)
Acanthus mayaccanus Büttner (1890)
Acanthus mollis L. — native to Mediterranean Europe
Acanthus montanus T.Anders. — West and Central African species, from Ghana in the west to Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Acanthus pubescens Thomson ex Oliv.
Acanthus polystachyus Delile — native to Burundi, Rwanda, DRC, Uganda, Sudan, Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania.
Acanthus spinosus L. — native to southern Europe
Acanthus syriacus Boiss.[6] (Syn. Acanthus hirsutus subsp. syriacus) — native to the Eastern Mediterranean region
Acanthus uleensis De Wild. — native to Central (primarily DR Congo and Republic of the Congo) and East Africa (primarily Tanzania)[7]

Cultivation and uses
An acanthus plant (A. mollis) flowering in the ruins of the Palatine Hill, Rome, May 2005

Acanthus leaves were the aesthetic basis for capitals in the Corinthian order of architecture; see acanthus (ornament). Several species, especially A. balcanicus, A. spinosus and A. mollis, are grown as ornamental plants.

Acanthus leaves also have many medicinal uses. Acanthus ilicifolius, whose chemical composition has been heavily researched, is widely used in ethnopharmaceutical applications, including in Indian and Chinese traditional medicine.[8] Various parts of Acanthus ilicifolius have been used to treat asthma, diabetes, leprosy, hepatitis, snake bites, and rheumatoid arthritis.[9] The leaves of Acanthus ebracteatus, noted for their antioxidant properties, are used for making Thai herbal tea in Thailand and Indonesia.[10]
References

"Acanthus". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
ἄκανθος. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project. Harper, Douglas. "acanthus". Online Etymology Dictionary.
Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names: A-C. CRC Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
Snogerup, S.; Snogerup, B.; Strid, A. (2006). "Acanthus greuterianus (Acanthaceae), a New Species from NW Greece". Willdenowia. 36 (1): 323–7. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36127. JSTOR 3997705. S2CID 85054771.
"Acanthus greuterianus Snogerup, B.Snogerup & Strid — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2017-12-13.
"Acanthus syriacus Boiss". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).
"African Plant Database". Les conservatoire et jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève (Conservatories and Botanic Gardens of the City of Geneva). Retrieved 2 February 2019.
Wostmann, R; Leibezeit, G (2008). "Chemical composition of the mangrove holly Acanthus ilicifolius (Acanthaceae)—review and additional data". Senckenbergiana Maritima. 38: 31–37. doi:10.1007/BF03043866. S2CID 38592501.
Bandaranayake, W. M. (1998). "Traditional and medicinal uses of mangroves". Mangroves and Salt Marshes. 2 (3): 133–148. doi:10.1023/A:1009988607044. S2CID 129317332.
Chan, E. W.; Eng, S. Y.; Tan, Y. P.; Wong, Z. C.; Lye, P. Y.; Tan, L. N. (2012). "Antioxidant and Sensory Properties of Thai Herbal Teas with Emphasis on Thunbergia laurifolia Lindl". Chiang Mai Journal of Science. 39 (4): 599–609.