Angelica archangelica

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Apiaceae
Subfamilia: Apioideae
Tribus: Selineae
Genus: Angelica
Species: Angelica archangelica
Subspecies: A. a. subsp. archangelica – A. a. subsp. decurrens – A. a. subsp. himalaica – A. a. subsp. littoralis
Name

Angelica archangelica L., Sp. Pl. 1: 250. (1753).

Typus: Linnaean Herbarium 354.1 (LINN) lectotype, selected by Reduron, Nordic J. Bot. 22: 83 (2002).

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 250. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Angelica archangelica. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Sep 02. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Angelica archangelica. Published online. Accessed: Sep 02 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Angelica archangelica in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Sep 02.
Tropicos.org 2018. Angelica archangelica. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 02 Sep 2018.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Angelica archangelica in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
azərbaycanca: Dərman cəbrayılotu, Dərman tütəkcəsi
беларуская: Дзягіль лекавы
català: Herba de l'Esperit Sant
kaszëbsczi: Lékarsczi dzãdżel
čeština: andělika lékařská, děhel lékařský
Cymraeg: Llysiau`r-angel pêr
dansk: Kvan
Deutsch: Arznei-Engelwurz, Echter Engelwurz, Küsten-Arznei-Engelwurz, Erzengelwurz
English: Garden Angelica, Holy Ghost, Wild Celery, Norwegian Angelica
Esperanto: Ĝardenangeliko
español: Angélica, Hierba del Espíritu Santo
euskara: Aingeru-belar landatu
فارسی: سنبل ختایی, حشیشه الملائک, انژلیک
suomi: Väinönputki
føroyskt: Hvonn
français: Angélique, Herbe aux Anges
galego: Anxélica
hrvatski: Anđelika
magyar: orvosi angyalgyökér, angyalgyökér
íslenska: Ætihvönn, Englahvönn, Erkihvönn, Höfuðhvönn, Englarót
italiano: Angelica
日本語: セイヨウトウキ
ქართული: Angelica archangelica
қазақша: Аю балдырған
kalaallisut: Kuanneq
lietuvių: Vaistinė šventagaršvė
norsk bokmål: Kvann
Nederlands: Grote engelwortel, Aartsengelwortel
norsk nynorsk: Kvann
Kapampangan: Garden angelica
polski: dzięgiel litwor, arcydzięgiel litwor, arcydzięgiel lekarski, arcydzięgiel, litwor
português: angélica
română: Angelică, Angelină, Buciniș, Aglică, Anghelică, Buciniş, Cucută mare, Antonică
русский: Дягиль лекарственный, Дудник лекарственный, Дягиль
davvisámegiella: Olbmoborranrássi, Fádnu, Boska
srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски: Anđelika
slovenčina: archangelika lekárska
slovenščina: Zdravilni gozdni koren, Gozdni koren
српски / srpski: Ангелика / Angelika, Анђелика / Anđelika, Анђелица / Anđelica, Анђеоски корен / Anđeoski koren, Кравојац / Kravojac
svenska: Kvanne, Havssträtta, Strandkvanne, Bosko, Påsko, Fjällkvanne
українська: Дягель лікарський, Дзенгель
Wikimedia Commons For more multimedia, look at Angelica archangelica on Wikimedia Commons.

Angelica archangelica, commonly known as garden angelica, wild celery, and Norwegian angelica, is a biennial plant from the family Apiaceae, a subspecies of which is cultivated for its sweetly scented edible stems and roots. Like several other species in Apiaceae, its appearance is similar to several poisonous species (Conium, Heracleum, and others), and should not be consumed unless it has been identified with absolute certainty. Synonyms include Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. and Angelica officinalis Moench.[3]

Description and distribution
Angelica archangelica

During its first year, it grows only leaves, but during its second year, its fluted stem can reach a height of 2.5 meters (just over 8 feet), and the root is used in flavoring preparations. Its leaves consist of numerous small leaflets divided into three principal groups, each of which is again subdivided into three lesser groups. The edges of the leaflets are finely toothed or serrated. The flowers, which blossom in July, are small and numerous, yellowish or greenish, are grouped into large, globular umbels that bear pale yellow, oblong fruits. Angelica grows only in damp soil, preferably near rivers or deposits of water.

Angelica archangelica grows wild in Russia, Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Greenland, the Faroe Islands, and Iceland, mostly in the northern parts of the countries. It is cultivated in France, mainly in the Marais Poitevin, a marsh region close to Niort in the department Deux-Sèvres. Commercially available angelica is often sourced from Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Germany and Poland.[4]
Candied angelica
Use and history
Angelica (A. archangelica) essential oil in clear glass vial

From the 10th century on, angelica was cultivated as a vegetable and medicinal plant,[5] and achieved popularity in Scandinavia in the 12th century and is used especially in Sámi culture. It was once used as an herb in Sámi cooking, and known as kvanne.[6]

It is used to flavor liqueurs or aquavits, (e.g., Chartreuse, Bénédictine, Vermouth, and Dubonnet), omelettes and trout, and as jam. The long bright-green stems are also candied and used as food decoration. Angelica is unique among the Umbelliferae for its pervading aromatic odor, a pleasant perfume entirely different from fennel, parsley, anise, caraway, or chervil.[7] It has been compared to musk and to juniper. Angelica archangelica roots are among the most common botanicals used in gin distillation, often used in concert with juniper berries and coriander as a chief aromatic characteristic for gin.[8] They are also used in absinthes, aquavits, and bitters, in addition to culinary uses such as jams and omelettes.[9] The hollow stems of Angelica archangelica may be eaten. The stems are picked clean of their leaves, crystallized in sugar syrup and colored green as cake decoration or as candy.[10]
Chemical composition

The essential oil content of angelica root varies based on the age of the roots. Generally, the roots have high levels of terpenes, including α-pinene and β-phellandrene.[11] Studies have found upwards of over eighty different aroma compounds present in samples. Of particular interest to perfumers and aroma chemists is cyclopentadecanolide, which although present in small quantities (< 1% in roots, <.5% in seeds), gives angelica root a distinctive musky aroma.[9][12] The roots are generally preferred for culinary and aroma uses.[9]

Angelica seeds have a similar chemical composition to the roots, including α-pinene, β-pinene, camphene, myrcene, β-phellandrene, limonene, caryophyllene, borneol, carvone and others.[11]

Both the seeds and roots contain coumarins and furocoumarins. Among these are 2′-angeloyl-3′-isovaleryl vaginate, archangelicin, oxypeucedanin hydrate, bergapten, byakangelicin angelate, imperatorin, isoimperatorin, isopimpinellin, 8-[2-(3-methylbutroxy)-3-hydroxy-3-methylbutoxy]psoralen, osthol, ostruthol, oxypeucedanin, phellopterin, psoralen and xanthotoxin, can be isolated from a chloroform extract of the roots of A. archangelica[13] as well as several heraclenol derivatives.[14] The water root extract of A. archangelica subsp. litoralis contains adenosine, coniferin, the two dihydrofurocoumarin glycosides apterin and 1′-O-β-d-glycopyranosyl-(S)-marmesin (marmesinin), 1′-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-(2S, 3R)-3-hydroxymarmesin and 2′-β-d-glucopyranosyloxymarmesin.[15]
Etymology

Angelica is the Latin feminine name implying "angel-like" from the mid-16th century, probably named for the plant due to its scent.[16] Archangelica derives from "an angel of the highest order," an Old French term in the late (12th century), or from the Greek word "arkhangelos" ("chief angel").[16]
See also

Heracleum persicum (golpar)
Angelicin

References

"Angelica archangelica". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2008-03-03.
"Angelica archangelica L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved 11 July 2020.
"Angelica archangelica L. | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2018-07-30.
Chauhan, Dr Meenakshi (2019-08-06). "What are the Medicinal Properties of Wild Celery ( Angelica Archangelica)?". Planet Ayurveda. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
"Ed Greenwood 1995, Electronic version of A Modern Herbal: The Medicinal, Culinary, Cosmetic and Economic Properties, Cultivation and Folk-Lore of Herbs, Grasses, Fungi, Shrubs & Trees with Their Modern Scientific Uses, by Mrs. M. Grieve, first published 1931".
Nilsson, Lena Maria; Dahlgren, Lars; Johansson, Ingegerd; Brustad, Magritt; Sjölander, Per; Guelpen, Bethany Van (18 February 2011). "Diet and lifestyle of the Sámi of southern Lapland in the 1930s–1950s and today". International Journal of Circumpolar Health. 70 (3): 301–318. doi:10.3402/ijch.v70i3.17831. ISSN 2242-3982. PMID 21631968.
"A Modern Herbal | Angelica". www.botanical.com. Retrieved 2022-04-28.
Gualtiero Simonetti (1990). Stanley Schuler (ed.). Simon & Schuster's Guide to Herbs and Spices. Simon & Schuster, Inc. ISBN 978-0-671-73489-3.
Jelen, Henryk (2011-10-25). Food Flavors: Chemical, Sensory and Technological Properties. CRC Press. ISBN 9781439814918.
Reineccius, Gary (1995). Reineccius, Gary (ed.). Source Book of Flavors - Springer. doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7889-5. ISBN 978-1-4615-7891-8.
Burdock, George A. (2016-04-19). Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Sixth Edition. CRC Press. ISBN 9781420090864.
Burdock, George A. (1997). Encyclopedia of Food and Color Additives. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849394140.
Strategy for the isolation and identification of coumarins with calcium antagonistic properties from the roots of Angelica archangelica. P. Härmälä, H. Vuorela, R. Hiltunen, Sz. Nyiredy, O. Sticher, K. Törnquist and S. Kaltia, Phytochemical Analysis, January 1992, Volume 3, Issue 1, pages 42–48, doi:10.1002/pca.2800030108
Further heraclenol derivatives from Angelica archangelica. Sun H and Jakupovic J, Pharmazie, 1986, volume 41, number 12, pages 888-889, INIST:7473899
Lemmich, John; Havelund, Svend; Thastrup, Ole (1983). "Dihydrofurocoumarin glucosides from Angelica archangelica and Angelica silvestris". Phytochemistry. 22 (2): 553–555. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)83044-1. ISSN 0031-9422.

"Archangel". Online Etymology Dictionary. 2021. Retrieved 29 July 2021.

Further reading
Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.