Arisarum vulgare

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Alismatales

Familia: Araceae
Subfamilia: Aroideae
Tribus: Arisareae
Genus: Arisarum
Species: Arisarum vulgare
Subspecies (3): A. v. subsp. clusii – A. v. subsp. hastatum – A. v. subsp. vulgare
Name

Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz., Ann. Mus. Imp. Fis. Firenze 2(2): 67 (1810), nom. nov..

Lectotype: “Arisarum latifolium I”. (Clusius, 1601. Rariorum plantarum Historia, et Appendix ad Historiam plantarum. Vol. 2.: tab. LXXIII) (designated by Ferrer-Gallego 2014: 117)
Epitypus: Spain. Prov. Valencia: Xàtiva, Castillo de Xàtiva, 30SYJ1518, 140 m, 2.III.2014, fl. & fr., P. Ferrer & I. Ferrando 014001 (VAL [VAL 220580], arrow] (designated by Ferrer-Gallego 2014: 117)

Synonyms

Replaced synonym
Arum arisarum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 966 (1753)
Homotypic
Arum incurvatum Lam., Fl. Franç. 3: 538 (1779), nom. illeg.
Balmisa vulgaris (O.Targ.Tozz.) Lag., Gen. Sp. Pl.: 17 (1816)
Arisarum arisarum (L.) Huth, Helios 11: 133 (1893), nom. inval.
Arisarum incurvatum Holmboe, Studies Veg. Cyprus: 43 (1914), nom. illeg.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Sardegna, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia, Yugoslavia.
Asia-Temperate
Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia (doubtful).
Macaronesia
Azores, Canary Islands, Madeira.
Asia-Temperate
Caucasus
Transcaucasus.
Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Lebanon-Syria, Palestine, Sinai, Turkey.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Targioni Tozzetti, O. 1810. Octaviani Targioni Tozzetti Observationum Botanicarum Decas Tertia, Quarta, & Quinta. Annali del Museo Imperiale di Fisica e Storia Naturale di Firenze 2(2): 21–124, tab. VI–XIII. BHL. Reference page.

Additional references

Ferrer Gallego, P.P. 2014. Typification of Arisarum vulgare O. Targ. Tozz. (Araceae). Candollea 69(2): 115–118. DOI: /10.15553/c2014v692a2 PDF Reference page.

Links

Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2021. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Arisarum vulgare. Accessed: 2021 Nov 9.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Arisarum vulgare in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Nov 9. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Arisarum vulgare in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Nov 9. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. Arisarum vulgare. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Nov 9. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Arisarum vulgare. Published online. Accessed: 9 Nov 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Arisarum vulgare. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 9 Nov 2021.

Vernacular names

català: Rapa de frare
corsu: Ghjallina
Deutsch: Krummstab
Ελληνικά, Κυπριακά: Αρίσαρον το κοινόν. Λυχναράκι, Χόρτον της κουφής
English: Friar's cowl
español: Dragontea menor
suomi: Kypärämunkinhiippa
français: Capuchon de moine
עברית: לופית מצויה
Nederlands: Gekapperde kalfsvoet
português: Candeias

Arisarum vulgare, common name the friar's cowl or larus, is an herbaceous, perennial, with an underground rhizome plant in the genus Arisarum belonging to the family Araceae.

Description
Close-up on Arisarum vulgare

Arisarum vulgare reaches on average 10–30 centimetres (3.9–11.8 in) of height. The leaves of this geophyte plant are basal only, wide, ovate to arrow-shaped, with a petiole 12–15 centimetres (4.7–5.9 in) long. The stems are erect and unbranched, usually mottled and grow directly from the underground rhizome. A single leaflike bract (spathe) forms a purplish-brown or olive green striped tube about 5 inches long, with an open upper part helmet or hood-shaped curved forward. It encloses a fleshy greenish clublike spike (spadix) bent forward, protruding from the tube and bearing at the bottom minute purple violet flowers. The 20 male flowers are located above the four to six female, with sterile flowers completely missing. The flowering period extends from October through May. The sexes are united in the same individual plant. Pollination is granted by insects (entomophily). The fruits are greenish berries of about 1 centimetre (0.39 in)long.
Distribution

Arisarum vulgare is native to the Mediterranean Basin, from the Caucasus in the east to the southeastern Iberian Peninsula in the west, where it introgresses with Arisarum simorrhinum.[1][2]
Habitat

Arisarum vulgare prefers grassy fields and rocky scrubland, forests and wasteland, mainly in shady and cool places and in moist soils, at an altitude of 0–800 metres (0–2,625 ft) above sea level.
Subspecies

The main described subspecies are the following:

Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. subsp. vulgare (above described)
Arisarum vulgare O.Targ.Tozz. subsp. simorrhinum (Durieu) Maire & Weiller

In Arisarum vulgare subsp. simorrhinum the flower stem is much shorter than the petioles. Bract and spadix are erect. The latter is thickened at the tip.

Synonyms

Arisarum arisarum (L.) Huth
Arisarum australe Rich.
Arisarum azoricum Schott
Arisarum balansae Schott
Arisarum crassifolium Schott
Arisarum forbesii Schott
Arisarum incurvatum Holmboe
Arisarum jacquinii Schott
Arisarum latifolium Bubani
Arisarum latifolium Hill
Arisarum libani Schott
Arisarum serpentrium Raf.

Arisarum sibthorpii Schott
Arisarum subalpinum Kotschy ex Engl.
Arisarum veslingii Schott
Arum arisarum L.
Arum arisarum Lour.
Arum calyptrale Salisb.
Arum incurvatum Lam.
Arum libani Schott
Balmisa vulgaris (Targ.Tozz.) Lag.
Calyptrocoryne cochinchinensis (Blume) Schott
Typhonium cochinchinense Blume[3]

References

"Arisarum vulgare" (PDF). Flora Iberica. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families

Synonyms in EOL[permanent dead link]

Herbaro virtual
Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 - Vol. II, pag. 629
Tutin, T.G. et al. - Flora Europaea, second edition - 1993