Berlandiera lyrata

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Asteroideae
Tribus: Heliantheae
Subtribus: Engelmanniinae
Genus: Berlandiera
Species: Berlandiera lyrata
Name

Berlandiera lyrata Benth., Pl. Hartw. 17 1839
Synonyms

Berlandiera incisa Torr. & A. Gray

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
Regional: Southwestern USA
USA (Arizona, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas),
Regional: Mexico
Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Durango, Jalisco, Nuevo Leon, San Luis Potosi, Sonora, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Benth., Plantas Hartwegianas imprimis Mexicanas . . . 17. 1839
USDA, NRCS. 2006. The PLANTS Database, 6 March 2006 (http://plants.usda.gov).

Links

International Plant Names Index. 2018. Berlandiera lyrata. Published online. Accessed: Feb. 05 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Berlandiera lyrata in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 05.
Tropicos.org 2018. Berlandiera lyrata. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 05 Feb. 2018.
Hassler, M. 2018. Berlandiera lyrata. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Feb. 05. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Berlandiera lyrata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
English: chocolate flower
suomi: Suklaakukka

Berlandiera lyrata, with the common names chocolate flower, chocolate daisy, or lyreleaf greeneyes, is a North American species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.[2] The common name lyreleaf greeneyes is a reference to the shape of the leaf, which is curved like a lyre and the green disc which is left behind when the ray florets drop off which is thought to look like an eye.[3]

Description
Going to seed, in the Missouri Botanical Garden
Fruits and seeds — MHNT

The plant grows to about 30–60 centimetres (1–2 feet) in height and width,[3] less commonly 120 cm (4 ft).[4] When the plant freezes, the roots will preserve its life.[5] The velvety leaves are pinnately lobed or scalloped.[5][4] The flower head is approximately 4 cm (1+1⁄2 inches) in diameter, with 5–12 (most commonly 8) yellow ray florets, which are 1.5 cm (5⁄8 in) long.[4] In areas that freeze, the flowers bloom at night from spring until frost.[3] In frost-free areas, it will bloom year-round (typically April to October).[3][4] Around mid-morning, the flowers close or drop.[3] As it gets hotter, the flower begins to turn white and the ray florets begin to drop, leaving the green disc shape.[5] The seed-like fruit is scaleless and hairless at the tip.[4]
Distribution and habitat

In the United States, the species is native to Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and Arkansas. In Mexico, it is native to Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo León, San Luis Potosí, Durango, Sonora, Zacatecas, Aguascalientes and Jalisco.[6][7][8] It prefers the U.S. Department of Agriculture's hardiness zones of 4 to 9, and can be grown in elevations as high as 2,100 m (7,000 ft).[5] It can usually be found in grassy areas and rocky soil.[4]
Cultivation

B. lyrata is a hardy perennial, cultivated as an ornamental plant. It is grown in gardens for the chocolate-like scent of its flowers.[9] The chocolate odor can also be produced by plucking the ray florets from the flower head.[10] To ensure that it will continue to bloom as long as possible, spent flowers should be removed.[10]

It grows best in full sun locations. It is native to soil types that are dry, shallow and rocky such as sandy loams and limestone soils.[3] It is known to grow along roadsides and in grasslands in the southwest US.[3] It is drought-tolerant.[3] In heavy, wet soils, B. lyrata is subject to root rot.[10] B. lyrata can be planted in areas that are mowed frequently and can be mowed itself.[10]

The plant is propagated through seeds which can be collected from the plant itself and germinated outdoors from spring to fall.[10]
Uses

The flower head is known to attract beneficial insects to the garden.[9]

The stamens have a chocolate flavor and are edible.[9][10] The plant was also used by Native Americans to alleviate symptoms of stomach problems.[5] Some Native American cultures would burn the dried roots of the plant in order to treat nervous conditions or to inspire courage.[5]
References

The Plant List, Berlandiera lyrata Benth.
"Berlandiera lyrata". Flora of North America. Retrieved 2007-10-04.
"Berlandiera lyrata". Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
Spellenberg, Richard (2001) [1979]. National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. p. 360. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3.
"August: Chocolate Flower: Berlandiera lyrata". Santa Fe Botanical Garden. August 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
"Berlandiera lyrata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2007-10-04.
Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map
Turner, Billie Lee 1988. Phytologia 64(3): 205–208 distribution map on page 208
"Berlandiera lyrata: Chocolate Scented Daisy". Mountain Valley Growers. Retrieved 9 May 2015.
"Berlandiera lyrata". Native Plant Database. Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center. Retrieved 9 May 2015.