Calophyllum brasiliense

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Malpighiales

Familia: Calophyllaceae
Tribus: Calophylleae
Genus: Calophyllum
Species: Calophyllum brasiliense
Name

Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess., 1828
Synonyms

Calophyllum brasiliense var. rekoi (Standl.) Standl.
Calophyllum brasiliense var. rekoi Standl.
Calophyllum calaba Jacq.
Calophyllum chiapense Standl.
Calophyllum ellipticum Rusby
Calophyllum inophyllum Sieber ex Presl
Calophyllum lucidum Benth.
Calophyllum piaroanum A. Castillo & C. Gil
Calophyllum rekoi Standl.
Calophyllum revolutum L. C. Rich. ex Vesque

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Southern America
Colombia (Amazonas, Antioquia, Caquet, Casanare, Cesar, Guaina, Guaviare, Meta, Nario, Norte de Santander, Quindo, Risaralda, San Andrs, Providencia y Santa Catalina, Tolima, Valle, Vaups, Vichada), Nicaragua, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Panama, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Peru, Ecuador, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Bolivia (Beni, Santa Cruz), Paraguay (Amambay), Bahamas (I), Venezuela (Amazonas, Anzoategui, Apure, Aragua, Bolivar, Delta Amacuro, Distrito Federal, Lara, Miranda, Tachira), N-Brazil (Roraima, Para, Amazonas, Acre), NE-Brazil, WC-Brazil (Mato Grosso, Goias), SE-Brazil (Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro), S-Brazil (Parana, Santa Catarina)
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Mexico
Mexico (Campeche, Chiapas, Colima, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Tabasco, Veracruz, Yucatan)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Cambessèdes, J., 1828. Fl. Bras. Merid. 1:321, t. 67.

Links

Hassler, M. 2019. Calophyllum brasiliense. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2019. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 16. Reference page. 
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Calophyllum brasiliense in Kew Science Plants of the World Online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jul. 16. Reference page. 
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Calophyllum brasiliense. Published online. Accessed: Jul 16 2019.
Tropicos.org 2019. Calophyllum brasiliense. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 16 Jul 2019.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Calophyllum brasiliense in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 09-Oct-10.

Vernacular names
español: guanandí, calambuco, palo Maria (en Panamá), arary, árbol de Santa María, palo de aceite

Calophyllum brasiliense (guanandi) is a species of plant in the family Calophyllaceae. It is native to subtropical and tropical regions of Mexico, Central America, South America and the Caribbean.[2]

Description

It is an evergreen tree growing to 20–50 m tall, with a trunk up to 1.8 m diameter, and a dense, rounded crown. The leaves are opposite, 6.3–12.5 cm long and 3.2–6.3 cm broad, elliptic to oblong or obovate, leathery, hairless, glossy green above, paler below, with an entire margin. The flowers are 10–13 mm diameter, with four white sepals (two larger, and two smaller), and one to four white petals smaller than the sepals; the flowers are grouped in panicles 2.5–9 cm long. The fruit is a globular drupe 25–30 mm diameter.[3][4]
Habitat

It is very common in Brazil, from Santa Catarina to Pará, and also in Pantanal and Amazon forest; also common in Paraguay, Peru, Bolivia, Colombia, Venezuela, Mexico, Belize, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, the Dominican Republic and Cuba. It occurs between sea level and 1200 meters, many times in pure stands (this capacity in uncommon in tropical hardwood trees). Its natural dispersion occurs by water and fishes, monkeys and mainly by bats.
Common names

Common trade names of the wood of the Calophyllum brasiliense are: jacareúba, guanandi and Árbol de Santa Maria. It is also known as: Landim, Olandim, Landi, Cedro do Pântano, Guanandi-Cedro (Brazil), Arary, Ocure, Cachicamo, Balsamaria, Aceite Mario, Palomaria or Pallomaria, Brazil beauty leaf (Brazilian pretty leaf) and even of Alexander Laurel, or crown of parrots of Alexander, for the beauty of its leaves.
Uses

The word "guanandi" comes from the Tupí (a Brazilian Indian folk) language, means "soap that glues", in function of the yellow latex (balsam) of the rind, known as Jacareubin. It has the following medicinal uses: Against ulcer and gastritis; To avoid prostate damages. For skin scarification; against sunburn. In combat to molluscs that transmit "doença de Chagas" parasite.[5] Some American and Asian universities also study the effect in reduction of cancer tumors. In addition, Terracom labs in a joint venture to Sarawak Medichen in Indonesia are providing patent for the use of Calanolide A and Calanolide B, present in the latex and in the leaves of Calophyllum as AIDS inhibitors.[6][7][8][9]

It is used in the cosmetic and dermatological industry, the oil being known as tamanu oil, for skin cleaning, and against skin wrinkles, after tattoo skin care. The fruit is composed of 44% of oil, and it can be burnt as bio-fuel. There are dozens of references about calophyllum oil active properties, from pre-Columbian Incas and Aztecs in Latin America, to Asian and Polynesian Islands.[citation needed]
Cultivation

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The substitution of forested trees such as guanandi in place of irregular, illegal cutting of Amazon trees is proven to be very positive to preserve these important biomes; guanandi, unlike mahogany, occurs in pure stands so to cut and transport a single mahogany in the Amazon requires destroying 30 other trees. This substitution is possible because Europeans, Japanese and Americans conscientious buyers are beginning to understand the importance of conservation of the Amazon Forest so they tend to accept paying more for reforested wood. Other important trees specimens cannot be harvested because they are attacked by Hypsipyla grandella, Zeller. This caterpillar destroys the main structure of these trees: South American mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Brazilian cedar (Cedrela fissilis), and crabwood (Carapa guianensis)

Growing guanandi also has advantages for the forest area. The radicular (root) system of trees as guanandi raises the phreatic sheet; it recoups and fertilizes the ground where it is planted. The wood of guanandi and other speed growth quality timber trees promises to be very important commodities.

In São Paulo state, southeastern Brazil, some cities have plantations of guanandi, with about one million trees planted. The same occur in UNA, south of Bahia state, where some guanandi tree farms have already started their production.
References

Botanic Gardens Conservation International (BGCI).; IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group (2018). "Calophyllum brasiliense". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T61988785A135680705. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61988785A135680705.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Calophyllum brasiliense". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 12 January 2018.
AgroForestry Tree Database: Calophyllum brasiliense
Flores, E. M. Flora of Costa Rica: Calophyllum brasiliense (pdf file)
"Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais IPEF". Ipef.br. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
"Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2011-06-29. Archived from the original on 2011-06-29. Retrieved 2012-12-29. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
"Internet Archive Wayback Machine". Web.archive.org. 2007-12-03. Archived from the original on 2007-12-03. Retrieved 2012-12-29. {{cite web}}: Cite uses generic title (help)
"Calanolide A information from". Drugs.com. Retrieved 2012-12-29.
"CiNii Articles - HIV-1 Inhibitory Compounds from Calophyllum brasiliense Leaves(Pharmacognosy)". Ci.nii.ac.jp. 2004-09-01. Retrieved 2012-12-29.