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Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Celastrales
Familiae: Celastraceae - Lepidobotryaceae

Name

Celastrales Link (1829)
Synonyms

Heterotypic
Brexiales Lindley, Nix. Pl. 18. 1833.
Type genus: Brexia Noronha ex Thouars
Hippocrateales Juss. ex Bercht. & J.Presl, Přir. Rostlin: 225. 1820.
Type genus: Hippocratea L.
Parnassiales J.Presl in Nowočeská Bibl. [Wšobecný Rostl.] 7: 110. 1846.
Type genus: Parnassia L.
Stackhousiales Mart., Consp. Regn. Veg. 55. 1835.
Type genus: Stackhousia Sm.

References

Link, J.H.F. 1829. Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse 2: 115.
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group. 2016. An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 181(1): 1–20. DOI: 10.1111/boj.12385 Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Celastrales. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2014 Jan. 29.
Stevens, P.F. 2001 onwards. Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 [and more or less continuously updated since]. Online. Reference page.
Zhang, L.B. & Simmons, M.P. 2006. Phylogeny and delimitation of the Celastrales inferred from nuclear and plastid genes. Systematic Botany 31(1): 122-137. DOI: 10.1600/036364406775971778 Paywall ResearchGate Reference page.

Vernacular names
العربية: حرابيات
azərbaycanca: Gərməşovçiçəklilər
català: Celastral
čeština: Jesencotvaré
dansk: Benved-ordenen
Deutsch: Spindelbaumartige
español: Celastrales
فارسی: گوشوارک‌سانان
hrvatski: Gušićolike
magyar: Kecskerágó-virágúak
日本語: ニシキギ目
한국어: 노박덩굴목
kurdî: Koma germeşoyan
lietuvių: Smaugikiečiai
македонски: Куриковидни
polski: Dławiszowce
русский: Бересклетоцветные
slovenčina: Bršlencotvaré
svenska: Benvedsordningen
ไทย: อันดับกระทงลาย
українська: Обліпихоцвіті
Tiếng Việt: Bộ Dây gối
中文: 卫矛目

The Celastrales are an order of flowering plants found throughout the tropics and subtropics, with only a few species extending far into the temperate regions. The 1200[2] to 1350[3] species are in about 100 genera. All but seven of these genera are in the large family Celastraceae. Until recently, the composition of the order and its division into families varied greatly from one author to another.

Description

The Celastrales are a diverse order that has no conspicuous distinguishing characteristic, so is consequently hard to recognize.[4] The flowers are usually small with a conspicuous nectary disk. The stipules are small or rarely absent. The micropyle has two openings and is therefore called a bistomal micropyle. Flowers with well-developed male and female parts are often functionally unisexual. The seed often has an aril. In bud, the sepals have a quincuncial arrangement. This means that two sepals are inside, two are outside, and the remaining sepal is half inside and half outside.
Relationships

Perhaps the most conspicuous and unusual trait of the Celastrales is the nectary disk, a feature that it shares with another rosid order, Sapindales. Since the orders are not closely related, the disk must have been an independent development in each of these lines.

The Celastrales are a member of the Celastrales, Oxalidales (including Huaceae), and Malpighiales (COM) clade[5] of Fabidae, with Fabidae being one of the two groups of Eurosids.[6]
Circumscription

The name Celastrales was first used by Thomas Baskerville in 1839.[7] In the time since Baskerville first defined the order, until the 21st century, great differences of opinion occurred about what should be included in the order and in its largest family, the Celastraceae. The family Celastraceae was the only group consistently placed in the order by all authors who accepted it. Because of the ambiguity and complexity of its definition, the Celastraceae became a dumping ground for genera of dubious affinity. Several genera were assigned to this family with considerable doubt about whether they really belonged there. Also, some genera that properly belong in the Celastraceae were placed elsewhere.

By the end of the 20th century, Goupia and Forsellesia had been excluded from the Celastraceae and also from the Celastrales. Goupia is now in the Malpighiales.[8] Forsellesia is now in the Crossosomatales.[9] It continues to be the subject of a dispute about whether its proper name is Forsellesia or Glossopetalon.[10]

After being placed elsewhere, Canotia, Brexia, and Plagiopteron were found to belong in the Celastraceae. The family Hippocrateaceae was found to be deeply nested within the Celastraceae and is no longer recognized as a separate family.

In 2000, Vincent Savolainen et alii found that three families - Lepidobotryaceae, Parnassiaceae, and Celastraceae - were closely related.[11] They stated that these three families should constitute the order Celastrales, and this idea was accepted by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, which later subsumed the Parnassiaceae into the Celastraceae. Savolainen and co-authors also excluded Lophopyxis from the Celastrales. Lophopyxis now constitutes a monogeneric family in the Malpighiales.[8]

In 2001, in a molecular phylogenetic study of DNA sequences, Mark Simmons and others confirmed all of these results except for the placement of Lophopyxis and the Lepidobotryaceae, which they did not sample.[12]

In 2006, Li-Bing Zhang and Mark Simmons produced a phylogeny of the Celastrales based on nuclear ribosomal, and chloroplast DNA.[13] Their results showed that Bhesa and Perrottetia were misplaced in the Celastraceae. Bhesa is now in the Centroplacaceae, a family in the Malpighiales.[8] and Perrottetia is in the Huerteales.[14] Zhang and Simmons found Pottingeria and Mortonia to be closely related to the families Parnassiaceae and Celastraceae, as they were then defined, but not in either of them. These two genera are therefore in the Celastrales. They found that Siphonodon and Empleuridium are proper members of the Celastraceae, removing considerable doubt about their placement there. They also showed that the small family Stackhousiaceae, consisting of three genera, is embedded in the Celastraceae. Except for taxa that were not sampled, these results were confirmed by the second phylogeny of the Celastrales, which was produced by Mark Simmons and several co-authors in 2008.[15]

Nicobariodendron sleumeri, the only member of its genus, continues to be an enigma. It is a small tree from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands of India. Little is known of it and it has never been sampled for DNA. It is generally thought to belong in the Celastrales,[3] but this is not a certainty. It is one of the five taxa placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms in the APG III system of classification.[1]
Families

The Celastrales have been divided into families in various ways. In their APG II classification in 2003, the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group recognized three families in the Celastrales - Lepidobotryaceae, Parnassiaceae, and Celastraceae. When they revised their classification in 2009, they recognized only two families because Pottingeria and the two genera of Parnassiaceae were transferred to the Celastraceae. Nicobariodendron became one of the five taxa placed incertae sedis in the angiosperms.

In the 2006 phylogeny, Nicobariodendron was not sampled, but those species that were sampled fell into two strongly supported clades. One was a small clade consisting only of the family Lepidobotryaceae. Its sister was a very large clade containing the rest of the order. The large clade consisted of five strongly supported groups. These are the family Parnassiaceae, the genus Pottingeria, the genus Mortonia (in the Celastraceae), and a pair of genera from the Celastraceae (Quetzalia and Zinowiewia), and the rest of the Celastraceae. No relationships were resolved among these groups.

In 2008, Simmons and others produced a phylogeny of the Celastrales that achieved better resolution than the 2006 study by sampling more species and more DNA. They found the same pentatomy of five strongly supported groups that the previous study had found, but only weak to moderate support for any relationships between the five groups.[15] In the APG III system, the family Celastraceae was expanded to consist of these five groups. No one has yet published an intrafamilial classification for the expanded Celastraceae.[1]
Phylogeny

The following phylogenetic tree was made by combining parts of three different trees.[12][13][15] Bootstrap support is 100% except where shown. Branches with less than 50% bootstrap support are collapsed. The clade numbers are from Simmons et al. (2008).[15]

Celastrales  
Lepidobotryaceae

Lepidobotrys

Ruptiliocarpon

Lepuropetalon

Parnassia

68 

Pottingeria

Mortonia

56 

Quetzalia

Zinowiewia

CLADE 1 

Peripterygia

Siphonodon

80 

Dicarpellum

Tripterococcus

Macgregoria

Stackhousia

Menepetalum

Psammomoya

Denhamia

87 
CLADE 2 

Maytenus

53 

Gyminda

89 

Tripterygium

Celastrus

99 

Paxistima

Crossopetalum

Canotia

Euonymus

CLADE 3  89
CLADE 4 

Empleuridium

72 

Pterocelastrus

69 

Mystroxylon

Robsonodendron

CLADE 5  50

Salaciopsis

CLADE 6 
96 

Catha

Hartogiella

   

Cassine

Maurocenia

98 

Lydenburgia

Gymnosporia

CLADE 7 
   
   

Polycardia

Brexia

   

Pleurostylia

   

Elaeodendron

Pseudocatha

Kokoona

Lophopetalon

Salacia

Tontelea

Plagiopteron

Hippocratea

Pristimera

Loeseneriella


References

Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x.
"Lepidobotryaceae", "Parnassiaceae", and "Celastraceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.). The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol. VI. Springer-Verlag: Berlin;Heidelberg, Germany. (2004). ISBN 978-3-540-06512-8 (vol. VI).
Peter F. Stevens (2001 onwards). Celastrales At: Angiosperm Phylogeny at Missouri Botanical Garden
Matthews, Merran L.; Endress, Peter K. (2005). "Comparative floral structure and systematics in Celastrales". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 149 (2): 129–194. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2005.00445.x.
Hengchang Wang; Michael J. Moore; Pamela S. Soltis; Charles D. Bell; Samuel F. Brockington; Roolse Alexandre; Charles C. Davis; Maribeth Latvis; Steven R. Manchester & Douglas E. Soltis (2009). "Rosid radiation and the rapid rise of angiosperm-dominated forests". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (10): 3853–3858. Bibcode:2009PNAS..106.3853W. doi:10.1073/pnas.0813376106. PMC 2644257. PMID 19223592.
Cantino, Philip D.; Doyle, James A.; Graham, Sean W.; Judd, Walter S.; Olmstead, Richard G.; Soltis, Douglas E.; Soltis, Pamela S.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2007). "Towards a phylogenetic nomenclature of Tracheophyta"". Taxon. 56 (3): 822–846. doi:10.2307/25065865. JSTOR 25065865.
Thomas Baskerville. Affinities of Plants: with some observations upon progressive development. page 104.. Taylor and Walton: Gower Street, London. (1839).
Wurdack, Kenneth J.; Davis, Charles C. (2009). "Malpighiales phylogenetics: Gaining ground on one of the most recalcitrant clades in the angiosperm tree of life". American Journal of Botany. 96 (8): 1551–1570. doi:10.3732/ajb.0800207. PMID 21628300.
Thorne, Robert F.; Scogin, Ron (1978). "Forsellesia Greene (Glossopetalon Gray), a third genus in the Crossosomataceae (Rosinae, Rosales)". Aliso. 9 (2): 171–178. doi:10.5642/aliso.19780902.03.
Victoria Sosa. "Crossosomataceae" In: Klaus Kubitzki (ed.) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants vol.IX. Springer-Verlag: Berlin,Heidelberg (2007).
Savolainen, V.; Fay, M. F.; Albach, D. C.; Backlund, A.; Van Der Bank, M.; Cameron, K. M.; Johnson, S. A.; Lledó, M. D.; et al. (2000). "Phylogeny of the eudicots: a nearly complete familial analysis based on rbcL gene sequences". Kew Bulletin. 55 (2): 257–309. doi:10.2307/4115644. JSTOR 4115644. S2CID 85372314.
Simmons, Mark P.; Savolainen, Vincent; Clevinger, Curtis C.; Archer, Robert H.; Davis, Jerrold I. (2001). "Phylogeny of Celastraceae Inferred from 26S Nuclear Ribosomal DNA, Phytochrome B, rbcL, atpB, and Morphology". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 19 (3): 353–366. doi:10.1006/mpev.2001.0937. PMID 11399146.
Li-Bing, Zhang; Simmons, Mark P. (2006). "Phylogeny and Delimitation of the Celastrales Inferred from Nuclear and Plastid Genes". Systematic Botany. 31 (1): 122–137. doi:10.1600/036364406775971778. S2CID 86095495.
Worberg, Andreas; Alford, Mac H.; Quandt, Dietmar; Borsch, Thomas (2009). "Huerteales sister to Brassicales plus Malvales, and newly circumscribed to include Dipentodon, Gerrardina, Huertea, Perrottetia, and Tapiscia". Taxon. 58 (2): 468–478. doi:10.1002/tax.582012.
Mark P. Simmons; Jennifer J. Cappa; Robert H. Archer; Andrew J. Ford; Dedra Eichstedt; Curtis C. Clevinger (2008). "Phylogeny of the Celastreae (Celastraceae) and the relationships of Catha edulis (qat) inferred from morphological characters and nuclear and plastid genes". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 48 (2): 745–757. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2008.04.039. PMID 18550389.

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