Cyclamen persicum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Ordo: Ericales

Familia: Primulaceae
Subfamilia: Myrsinoideae
Genus: Cyclamen
Subgenus: C. subg. Eucosme
Species: Cyclamen persicum
Name

Cyclamen persicum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: Cyclamen no. 3. (1768).

Lectotype: (designated by Compton in Compton et al. 2008: 26): cult. Chelsea Physic Garden without date, lower part of the sheet labelled "Cyclamen persicum Hortulanum, Mill. Dict. no. 3!" (BM 000754955).

Synonyms

Homotypic
Cyclaminus persica (Mill.) Asch., Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 10: 235 (1892).
Cyclaminus persica (Mill.) Bonnet & Barratte, Expl. Sci. Tunisie, Cat. Pl.: 279 (1896). nom. illeg.
Cyclamen persicum Mill. subsp. eupersicum R.Knuth in Engl., Pflanzenr. 22: 248 (1905). nom. inval.

Heterotypic
Cyclamen albidum Jord. in Jord. & Fourreau, Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 23 (1903).
Type: Ic. Fl Eur. pl. CCCCXXV
Cyclamen persicum f. albidum (Jord.) Grey-Wilson, Cyclamen Guide Gard., Hort. & Botanists 174 (1997).
Cyclamen aleppicum Fisch. ex Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 54 (1824).
Cyclamen aleppicum subsp. puniceum Glasau, Planta 30: 545. 1939. DOI: 10.1007/BF01917067
Cyclamen persicum f. puniceum (Glasau) Grey-Wilson, Cyclamen Guide Gard., Hort. & Botanists 174 (1997).
Cyclamen antiochium Decne., Rev. Hort. sér. 4, 4: 23 (1855).
Cyclamen hederaceum Sieber ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot. ed. 2, 1: 458 (1840), pro syn.
Cyclamen latifolium Sm. in Sibth. & Sm., Fl. Graec. 2: 71, t. 185 (1813).
Cyclamen orbiculatum Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 Cyclamen no. 5. (1768).
Lectotype: (designated by Compton in Compton et al. 2008: 27): cult. Chelsea Physic Garden without date "Cyclamen orbiculatum Mill. Dict. no. 5!" (BM)
Cyclamen europaeum subsp. orbiculatum (Mill.) O.Schwarz, Gartenflora N.F. 1: 16. (1938).
Cyclamen persicum var. autumnale Grey-Wilson, Cyclamen Guide Gard., Hort. & Botanists 174. (1997).
Cyclamen persicum f. roseum Grey-Wilson, Cyclamen Guide Gard., Hort. & Botanists 112 (1997). nom. provis.
Cyclamen punicum Pomel, Bull. Soc. Bot. France 36: 356 (1889).
Type locality: “Environs de Tunis; abonde sur le djebel Bou-Kournein au-dessus de Hammam-El-lif.”
Cyclamen pyrolifolium Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton 119. 1796 (as “C. pyrolaefolium”).
Typus: in ins. Cyprus, Sibthorp
Cyclamen tunetanum Jord. in Jord. & Fourreau, Icon. Fl. Eur. 3: 23 (1903).
Type: Ic. Fl Eur. pl. CCCCXXIV
Cyclamen utopicum Hoffmanns., Verz. Pfl.-Kult. 54 (1824).
Cyclamen vernale Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8 Cyclamen no. 4. (1768).
Lectotype: (designated by Compton in Compton et al. 2008: 26): cult. Chelsea Physic Garden presented to the Royal Society in 1751, no. 1464. (BM).
Misapplied names
Cyclamen hederifolium Kotschy in Unger & Kotschy, Ins. Cypern: 295 (1865) non Aiton.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Europe
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Greece (in error), Kriti (doubtfully native).
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Tunisia (both doubtfully native)
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Western Asia
Cyprus, East Aegean Islands, Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon, Syria), Palestine (Israel, Jordan), Turkey.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Miller, P. 1768. The Gardeners Dictionary: containing the best and newest methods of cultivating and improving the kitchen, fruit, flower garden, and nursery. Ed. 8, 3 volumes (without pagination), John & Francis Rivington, London. DOI: 10.5962/bhl.title.541 Reference page.

Additional references

Compton, J.A., Culham, A. & Sparkes, B. 2008. Typification of some Cyclamen names. Cyclamen, J. Cyclamen Soc. 32(1): 22–30. Reference page.
Grey-Wilson, C. 2002. Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists and botanists. New edition. London: Batsford, ISBN 0-7134-8760-7 Reference page.
Mathew, B.F. 2013. Genus Cyclamen in Science, Cultivation, Art and Culture. Kew Publishing, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, ISBN 978-1-84246-472-4, p. 111–122 Reference page.

Links

The Plant List 2013. Cyclamen persicum in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2016 Jan 28.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Cyclamen persicum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
Deutsch: Persisches Alpenveilchen
suomi: Idänsyklaami
magyar: Szobaciklámen
polski: Fiołek alpejski
русский: Цикламен персидский

Cyclamen persicum, the Persian cyclamen, is a species of flowering herbaceous perennial plant growing from a tuber, native to rocky hillsides, shrubland, and woodland up to 1,200 m (3,900 ft) above sea level, from south-central Turkey to Lebanon-Syria and the Palestine region.[1] It also grows in Algeria and Tunisia and on the Greek islands of Rhodes, Karpathos, and Crete,[1] where it may have been introduced by monks. Cultivars of this species are the commonly seen florist's cyclamen.

Description

Cyclamen persicum is a perennial, herbaceous plant that reaches heights of about 32 cm (13 in). Wild plants have heart-shaped, fleshy leaves, up to 14 cm (6 in) usually green with lighter markings on the upper surface. The leaf underside may be pale green or reddish. The leaf margin is slightly thickened and usually serrated. As a storage and persistence organ, C. persicum forms a perennial hypocotyl tuber. It arises solely through a thickening of the hypocotyl, the shoot axis area between the root neck and the first cotyledon. The rounded, slightly flattened tuber is about 4 to 15 cm or more in diameter. It is of corky consistency. The roots spring from the underside, and the tops of the spirally arranged, long-stalked leaves of the plant spring from the top.
Flowers

Flowers bloom from winter to spring (var. persicum) or in autumn (var. autumnale) and have 5 small sepals and 5 upswept petals, usually white to pale pink with a band of deep pink to magenta at the base. Cyclamen carry on individual stems standing flowers that hang down but whose petals are bent strongly upwards. In the species, flowers are sweetly scented, but the scent has been lost in cultivated forms.[2]
Fruit

After pollination, the flower stem curls downwards slightly as the pod develops, but does not coil as in other cyclamens. Plants go dormant in summer. The fruits are capsules, which are sunk into the ground with increasing maturity, by waxing and curling of the stem. The capsules only open when they are in the ground.[3]
Range

The natural range of Cyclamen persicum extends from North Africa across West Asia to Southeast Europe. In particular, the following occurrences are documented: In North Africa, the species is represented in the northern and eastern parts of Algeria and in northern Tunisia. In Western Asia, stocks were confirmed in Cyprus, Israel, Jordan, western Syria and western Turkey. In the eastern part of Greece, the only deposits in Europe could be occupied.

The preferred growing sites include pine forests, oak thickets and open rocky slopes mostly on calcareous soils up to an altitude of 1000 meters. In the summer months, the high temperature and the dryness lead to the death of the aerial plant parts. The plants outlast the dry season in their shallow subterranean tubers. They then drift off again at the beginning of the colder season.[4]
Varieties and forms

There are two natural varieties and several named forms, distinguished by flowering time and predominant petal color.

C. persicum var. persicum (winter- and spring-flowering — all of range)
C. persicum var. persicum f. persicum (white to pale pink)
C. persicum var. persicum f. albidum (pure white)
C. persicum var. persicum f. roseum (rose-pink)
C. persicum var. persicum f. puniceum (red to carmine)
C. persicum var. autumnale (autumn-flowering)

Cultivars
Cyclamen persicum cultivars in a Californian nursery operated by Japanese horticulturalists

The following is a selection of cultivars. All are frost-tender, and best grown under glass in temperate regions:-

'Concerto Apollo'[5]
'Halios Bright Fuchsia'[6]
'Halios Violet'[7]
'Halios White'[8]
'Laser Rose'[9]

'Laser Salmon with Eye'[10]
'Laser Scarlet'[11]
'Laser White'[12]
'Miracle Deep Rose'[13]
'Miracle White'[14]

'Sierra Fuchsia'[15]
'Sierra Light Purple'[16]
'Sierra Pink with Eye'[17]
'Sierra Scarlet'[18]
'Sierra White with Eye'[19]

Uses

This species probably arrived in Paris before its first mention in 1620. Certainly, it has been cultivated since 1731 in France. The start of the variety breeding is dated to the 1860s, starting from England. The different varieties of it were created exclusively by breeding with variants of the wild species. An introgression of other species has not occurred.[20]

Cyclamen persicum has a dark-brown tuberous root which is semi-poisonous. In some cultures, the tubers were used in making soap, as they generate a lather when mixed with water.[21] The Bedouins of Mandate Palestine used to collect the root, and after grating it, would mix it with lime and sprinkle it over the surface of lakes or other large bodies of water known to contain fish. These poisonous mixtures would stun fish, which would then come to the surface and be collected by the fishermen. Such methods, as well as fishing with explosives, which came into use in the early 20th century, were banned by the British Mandate authorities.[22]

Cyclamen are propagated by seeds. Seeds should be very fresh, seeds will not last long. Cyclamen are dark germs, so the seed is covered with soil and set up dark. The best germination temperature is 18 °C (64 °F). The germination period is 20 to 30 days. After germination, the seed boxes are highlighted. With good care, the plants can live to about 20 to 30 years old.[23]

References

"Cyclamen persicum Mill.". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 2019-03-09.
"Cyclamen persicum". www.rhs.org. Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 1 February 2020.
Michael Hickey, Clive King: Common families of flowering plants, the press syndicate of the University of Cambridge 2003, pages 72 f. ISBN 0-521 57281-9
Christopher Gray-Wilson: Cyclamen: a guide for gardeners, horticulturists and botanists. BT Batsford, London 2002, ISBN 0-7134-8760-7 .
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Concerto Apollo'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Bright Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios Violet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Halios White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Salmon with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Laser White'". Archived from the original on 6 January 2012. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle Deep Rose'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Miracle White'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Fuchsia'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Light Purple'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Pink with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra Scarlet'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
"RHS Plant Selector - Cyclamen 'Sierra White with Eye'". Retrieved 18 June 2013.[permanent dead link]
Eckehart J. Jäger, Friedrich Ebel, Peter Hanelt, Gerd K. Mueller (ed.): Excursion flora of Germany . Founded by Werner Rothmaler. Volume 5: Herbaceous ornamental and useful plants . Springer, Spektrum Academic Publisher, Berlin / Heidelberg 2008, ISBN 978-3-8274-0918-8 , pp. 282-283 .
Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, the Loeb Classical Library edition, vol. ii, London 1916, p. 263
Aref Abu-Rabia, Bedouin Century (Education and Development among the Negev Tribes in the Twentieth Century), New-York 2001, p. 47 (ISBN 978-1-57181-832-4)
Armin Jagel, Marcus Lubienski: Cyclamen persicum - Cyclamen (Primulaceae) and other cyclamen in the garden. Yearbook of the Bochum Botanical Association. Vol. 9, 2018, pp. 195–206

Plants of Cyprus