Daucus carota

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Apiales

Familia: Apiaceae
Subfamilia: Apioideae
Tribus: Scandiceae
Subtribus: Daucinae
Genus: Daucus
Species: Daucus carota
Subspecies: D. c. subsp. azoricus – D. c. subsp. boissieri – D. c. subsp. cantabricus – D. c. subsp. caporientalis – D. c. subsp. carota – D. c. subsp. commutatus – D. c. subsp. corsoccidentalis – D. c. subsp. drepanensis – D. c. subsp. gadecaei – D. c. subsp. gummifer – D. c. subsp. halophilus – D. c. subsp. hispanicus – D. c. subsp. hispidus – D. c. subsp. intermedius – D. c. subsp. major – D. c. subsp. majoricus – D. c. subsp. maritimus – D. c. subsp. maximus – D. c. subsp. otaportensis – D. c. subsp. rupestris – D. c. subsp. sativus – D. c. subsp. valeriae
Varietas: D. c. var. acaulis – D. c. var. brachycaulos – D. c. var. linearis – D. c. var. meriensis
Name

Daucus carota L., 1753
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus I: 242. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Daucus carota. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 27. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Daucus carota. Published online. Accessed: Aug. 27 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Daucus carota in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 27.
Tropicos.org 2018. Daucus carota. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2018 Aug. 27.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Daucus carota in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
Afrikaans: Wortel
مصرى: جزر
العربية: جزر شائع
azərbaycanca: Yabanı yerkökü
беларуская: Морква дзікая
bosanski: Divlja mrkva
català: Pastanaga borda
Tsetsêhestâhese: Anonévee'tose
corsu: Rundonu
čeština: Mrkev obecná
Cymraeg: Moronen
dansk: Vild gulerod
Deutsch: Wilde Möhre
Ελληνικά: Καρότο
English: Wild Carrot
Esperanto: Sovaĝa karoto
español: Zanahoria silvestre
eesti: Metsporgand
euskara: Azenario
فارسی: هویج وحشی
suomi: Rikkaporkkana
Nordfriisk: Wil wochel
français: Carotte sauvage
Gaeilge: Cairéad
Gàidhlig: Curran-fiadhain
Avañe'ẽ: Makychĩ guasu
Hawaiʻi: Kāloke ‘āhiu
עברית: גזר הגינה
हिन्दी: गाजर
hrvatski: Divlja mrkva
hornjoserbsce: Wšědna morchej
magyar: Vadmurok
Bahasa, Indonesia: Wortel
íslenska: Villta gulrót
italiano: Carota selvatica
Jawa: Wortel
қазақша: Сәбіз
ಕನ್ನಡ: ಗಜ್ಜರಿ
한국어: 당근
kurdî: Gêzer
lietuvių: Paprastoji morka
latviešu: Savvaļas burkāns
Madhurâ: ortel, wortel
македонски: Диви моркови
മലയാളം: കാരറ്റ്
Bahasa Melayu: Lobak
Nāhuatl: Xōchicamohtli
Bân-lâm-gú: Âng-chhài-thâu
Napulitano: Pastenaca
नेपाली: गाजर
Nederlands: Wilde peen
norsk nynorsk: Gulrot
Diné bizaad: Chąąshtʼezhiitsoh
occitan: Pastenaga
polski: Marchew zwyczajna
português: Cenoura selvagem
Runa Simi: Sanurya
română: Morcov
русский: Морковь дикая
سنڌي: گجر
සිංහල: කැරට්
slovenčina: Mrkva Obyčajná
shqip: Karrota
svenska: Vildmorot
தமிழ்: மஞ்சள் முள்ளங்கி
తెలుగు: కారెట్
тоҷикӣ: Зардак
ไทย: แคร์รอต
Tagalog: Karot
Türkçe: Havuç
українська: Морква дика
اردو: گاجر
Tiếng Việt: Cà rốt dại
West-Vlams: Karote
Yorùbá: kárọ́ọ̀tì
Bân-lâm-gú: Iá-âng-chhài-thâu
粵語: 野紅蘿蔔
中文: 野胡萝卜

Daucus carota, whose common names include wild carrot, bird's nest, bishop's lace, and Queen Anne's lace (North America), is a white, flowering plant in the family Apiaceae, native to temperate regions of Europe and southwest Asia, and naturalized to North America and Australia.

Domesticated carrots are cultivars of a subspecies, Daucus carota subsp. sativus.
Description
Queen Anne's lace – Daucus carota
Daucus carota flower (Down view)
Daucus carota flower (Down view)
Fruit cluster containing oval fruits with hooked spines

The wild carrot is a herbaceous, somewhat variable biennial plant that grows between 30 and 100 cm (1 and 3 ft)[3] tall, and is roughly hairy, with a stiff, solid stem. The leaves are tripinnate, finely divided and lacy, and overall triangular in shape. The leaves are bristly and alternate in a pinnate pattern that separates into thin segments. The flowers are small and dull white, clustered in flat, dense umbels. The umbels are terminal and approximately 8–10 centimetres (3–4 in) wide.[4] They may be pink in bud and may have a reddish or purple[5] flower in the centre of the umbel. The lower bracts are three-forked or pinnate, which distinguishes the plant from other white-flowered umbellifers. As the seeds develop, the umbel curls up at the edges, becomes more congested, and develops a concave surface. The fruits are oval and flattened, with short styles and hooked spines.[6] The fruit is small, dry and bumpy with protective hairs surrounding it.[4] The fruit of Daucus carota has two mericarps, or bicarpellate. The endosperm of the fruit grows before the embryo.[7] The dried umbels detach from the plant, becoming tumbleweeds.[8] The function of the tiny red flower, coloured by anthocyanin, is to attract insects. Wild carrot blooms in summer and fall. It thrives best in sun to partial shade. Daucus carota is commonly found along roadsides and in unused fields.[4]

Similar in appearance to the deadly poison hemlock, D. carota is distinguished by a mix of tripinnate leaves, fine hairs on its solid green stems and on its leaves, a root that smells like carrots, and occasionally a single dark red flower in the center of the umbel.[9][10] Hemlock is also different in tending to have purple mottling on its stems, which also lack the hairiness of the plain green Queen Anne's lace (wild carrot) stems.[11] Both plants have been spread into North America by European settlers and are now common wildflowers there.
Function of the dark central florets

The function of the central dark florets has been the subject many treatments of Daucus carota beginning with Darwin who speculated that they are a vestigial trait.[12] Researchers have also suggested that the dark florets’ have adaptive functions of mimicking insects toward discouraging herbivory[13] or attracting pollinators[14] by indicating the presence of food or opportunities for mating.[15] One study in Portugal investigating the relationship between D. carota and the beetle Anthrenus verbasci found that the dark florets contributed to visitation by A. verbasci and that higher numbers of dark florets correlated with increased visitation whereas inflorescences with removed dark florets had decreased visitation. Replacing the dark florets with one or more freeze-killed A. verbasci, who are similar to the florets in size and shape found similar results to those observations of inflorescences with intact florets.[16]
Uses

Like the cultivated carrot, the D. carota root is edible while young, but it quickly becomes too woody to consume. The flowers are sometimes battered and fried. The leaves and seeds are also edible.[4]

D. carota bears a close resemblance to poison hemlock, and the leaves of the wild carrot may cause phytophotodermatitis,[17][18] so caution should also be used when handling the plant. The seeds and flowers have been used as a method of contraception and an abortifacient for centuries.[19][20][21] If used as a dyestuff, the flowers give a creamy, off-white color.

D. carota, when freshly cut, will draw or change color depending on the color of the water in which it is held. This effect is only visible on the "head" or flower of the plant. Carnations also exhibit this effect. This occurrence is a popular science demonstration in primary grade school.
Beneficial weed

This beneficial weed can be used as a companion plant to crops. Like most members of the umbellifer family, it attracts wasps to its small flowers in its native land; however, where it has been introduced, it attracts very few wasps. In northeast Wisconsin, when introduced with blueberries it did succeed in attracting butterflies and wasps.[22] This species is also documented to boost tomato plant production when kept nearby, and it can provide a microclimate of cooler, moister air for lettuce, when intercropped with it.[23] However, the states of Iowa, Michigan, and Washington have listed it as a noxious weed,[24] and it is considered a serious pest in pastures. It persists in the soil seed bank for two to five years.[25]
Taste

Several different factors can cause the root of a carrot to have abnormal metabolites (notably 6-methoxymellin) that can cause a bitter taste in the roots. For example, carrots have a bitterer taste when grown in the presence of apples. Also, ethylene can easily produce stress, causing a bitter taste.[26]
Queen Anne's lace

Daucus carota was introduced and naturalized in North America, where it is often known as Queen Anne's lace. Both Anne, Queen of Great Britain, and her great grandmother, Anne of Denmark, are taken to be the Queen Anne for whom the plant is named.[27] It is so called because the flower resembles lace, prominent in fine clothing of the day; the red flower in the center is thought to represent a blood droplet where Queen Anne pricked herself with a needle when she was making the lace.
History through artwork

The history of Daucus carota and its cultivation in different parts of the world can be traced back through historical texts and artwork. Paintings from the 16th and 17th century, for example, that are of maids in a market or farmers' most recent crops can provide information on carrots' history. Studying such paintings shows that yellow or red roots were cultivated in Turkey, North Africa, and Spain. Orange roots were cultivated in 17th century Netherlands.[28]
References in Poetry

Queen Anne's Lace is the title and subject of a poem by William Carlos Williams published in the 1921 collection titled Sour Grapes.
Taxonomy

The carrot was first officially described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1753 work Species Plantarum.[29] In 2016, an international team has sequenced the full genome of Daucus carota.[30]
Subspecies

Cultivated carrots parent is only Daucus carota.[31]

Both domestic and wild carrot are from the same species, Daucus carota L. There are several subspecies of Daucus carota that have evolved to different climates and atmospheres. Two examples of these subspecies are specifically from the Netherlands. D. carota subsp. sativus has roots that can be a wide range of colors. It has a thicker root and sweeter taste. The whorl of barbs above the spine on the vallecular ridges of the mericarp of D. carota subsp. sativus mature very well. D. carota subsp. carota has white roots that do not vary in color and, unlike D. carota subsp. sativus, have a thin root, bitter taste and are not edible. The middle umbellet of D. carota subsp. carota is not well developed (unlike in D. carota subsp. sativus) and the color of the flower can vary from red to deep purple.[32]
Toxicity

Skin contact with the foliage of Daucus carota, especially wet foliage, can cause skin irritation in some people.[33][18] It may also have a mild effect on horses.[34]

The compound falcarinol is naturally found in Daucus carota for protection against fungal diseases. Lab tests show the compound to be toxic to mice and the water flea Daphnia magna.[35] Normal consumption of carrots has no toxic effect in humans.[36]
See also

Daucus pusillus, American wild carrot

References

Collett, L., Korpelainen, H., Draper Munt, D., Labokas, J., Magos Brehm, J., Tavares, M., Eliáš, P., Strajeru, S., Smekalova, T. & Bulińska, Z. 2011. Daucus carota. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2011: e.T172210A6849906. Downloaded on 02 July 2021.
"Daucus carota L." Plants of the World Online. Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. Retrieved October 5, 2020.
Ontario Weeds: Wild carrot
"Daucus carota". plants.ces.ncsu.edu. Retrieved March 31, 2017.
Peterson, Roger Tory, and Margaret McKenny. A field guide to wildflowers: northeastern and north-central North America. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1968. p. 48 Retrieved on 27 March 2017.
McClintock, David; Fitter, R. S. R. (1956). The Pocket Guide to Wild Flowers. Collins. p. 103.
Wurtele, E S; Wang, H; Durgerian, S; Nikolau, B J; Ulrich, T H (May 1993). "Characterization of a gene that is expressed early in somatic embryogenesis of Daucus carota". Plant Physiology. 102 (1): 303–312. doi:10.1104/pp.102.1.303. PMC 158776. PMID 8108498.
Faulkner, Herbert Waldron (1917). The Mysteries of the Flowers. Frederick A. Stokes. p. 210.
Noxious weeds: Poison-hemlock, King County, Washington
Hemlock Poisoning at eMedicine
How to Tell the Difference Between Poison Hemlock and Queen Anne's Lace
Darwin, Charles. The Different Forms of Flowers on Plants of the Same Species. --. London: JMurray, 1877.
Detto, C. “Blutenbiologische Untersuchungen, I. Uber Die Beteutung Der Insektenahnlichkeit Der Ophrysblute Nebst Bemerkungen Uber Die Mohrenblute Dei Daucus Carota.” Flora, Jena 94 (1905): 287–329.
Rothschild, M. “Some Observations on the Relationship between Plants, Toxic Insects and Birds.” In Phytochemical Ecology, edited by J.B. Harborne, 1–12. London: Academic Press, 1972.
Yeo, P.F. (December 1972). "Miscellaneous notes on pollination and pollinators". Journal of Natural History. 6 (6): 667–686. doi:10.1080/00222937200770621.
Goulson, David; Mcguire, Kate; Munro, Emma E.; Adamson, Susan; Colliar, Louise; Park, Kirsty J.; Tinsley, Matthew C.; Gilburn, Andre S. (August 2009). "Functional significance of the dark central floret of Daucus carota (Apiaceae) L.; is it an insect mimic?". Plant Species Biology. 24 (2): 77–82. doi:10.1111/j.1442-1984.2009.00240.x.
Phytophotodermatitis~clinical at eMedicine
"Don't touch these plants! Six lookalikes you want to avoid". U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. July 19, 2017. Retrieved September 8, 2018.
Jansen, Gabrielle Claire; Wohlmuth, Hans (January 2014). "Carrot seed for contraception: A review". Australian Journal of Herbal Medicine. 26 (1): 10–17. doi:10.3316/informit.138844085450714 (inactive October 31, 2021).
Contraception and Abortion from the Ancient World to the Renaissance, John M. Riddle, pg 58.
Peters, Emily (December 2014). "Wild Carrot Monograph" (PDF). Ember Peters, RHP Wild Current Herbalism. Retrieved August 11, 2020.
Laurie Neverman (June 24, 2017). Queen Anne's Lace - Butterfly Host Plant and Blueberry Protector.
Philbrick H.; Gregg R. B. Companion Plants.
USDA PLANTS. PLANTS Profile for Daucus carota (Queen Anne's lace. Retrieved June 11, 2007.
Clark, D. L.; Wilson, M. V. (May 1, 2003). "Post-dispersal seed fates of four prairie species". American Journal of Botany. 90 (5): 730–735. doi:10.3732/ajb.90.5.730. PMID 21659169.
Coxon, David T.; Curtis, R.Frank; Price, Keith R.; Levett, Gordon (August 1973). "Abnormal metabolites produced by Daucus carota roots stored under conditions of stress". Phytochemistry. 12 (8): 1881–1885. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)91505-X.
"Queen Ann's Lace". Archived from the original on June 21, 2012. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
Zeven, A. C.; Brandenburg, W. A. (October 1986). "Use of paintings from the 16th to 19th centuries to study the history of domesticated plants". Economic Botany. 40 (4): 397–408. doi:10.1007/BF02859650. S2CID 24391862.
Linnaeus, Carolus (1753). Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 242.
"Carrot Genome Sequenced". May 9, 2016.
Banga, O. (February 1957). "Origin of the European cultivated carrot". Euphytica. 6 (1): 54–63. doi:10.1007/BF00179518. S2CID 39884390.
Baranski, Rafal; Maksylewicz-Kaul, Anna; Nothnagel, Thomas; Cavagnaro, Pablo F.; Simon, Philipp W.; Grzebelus, Dariusz (February 2012). "Genetic diversity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) cultivars revealed by analysis of SSR loci". Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution. 59 (2): 163–170. doi:10.1007/s10722-011-9777-3.
"Daucus carota". www.hort.purdue.edu. Retrieved April 21, 2017.
"Queen anne's lace Poisoning in Horses".
Crosby, D.G.; Aharonson, N. (January 1967). "The structure of carotatoxin, a natural toxicant from carrot". Tetrahedron. 23 (1): 465–472. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)83330-5. PMID 6037290.

Deshpande (2002). Handbook of Food Toxicology. Hyderabad, India: CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8247-0760-6.

Further reading
Blanchan, Neltje (2005). Wild Flowers Worth Knowing. Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation.
Bradeen, James M.; Simon, Philipp W. (2007). "Carrot". In Cole, Chittaranjan (ed.). Vegetables. Genome Mapping and Molecular Breeding in Plants. Vol. 5. New York, New York: Springer. pp. 162–184. ISBN 978-3-540-34535-0.
Clapham, A. R.; Tutin, T. G.; Warburg, E. F. (1962). Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.
Mabey, Richard (1997). Flora Britannica. London: Chatto and Windus.
Rose, Francis (2006). The Wild Flower Key (edition revised and expanded by Clare O'Reilly). London: Frederick Warne. ISBN 978-0-7232-5175-0.
Rubatsky, V.E.; Quiros, C.F.; Siman, P.W. (1999). Carrots and Related Vegetable Umbelliferae. CABI Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85199-129-0.