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Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Asparagaceae
Subfamilia: Scilloideae
Tribus: Urgineeae
Genus: Drimia
Species: D. acarophylla – D. albiflora – D. altissima – D. anomala – D. aphylla – D. apiculata – D. arenicola – D. aurantiaca – D. barkerae – D. basutica – D. brachystachys – D. calcarata – D. calcicola – D. capensis – D. chalumnensis – D. ciliata – D. congesta – D. convallarioides – D. cooperi – D. cremnophila – D. cryptopoda – D. cyanelloides – D. cyathiformis – D. delagoensis – D. dregei – D. duthieae – D. elata – D. excelsa – D. exigua – D. exuviata – D. fasciata – D. filifolia – D. flagellaris – D. floribunda – D. fragrans – D. fugax – D. glaucescens – D. guineensis – D. haworthioides – D. hesperantha – D. hesperia – D. hockii – D. hyacinthoides – D. incerta – D. indica – D. intermedia – D. involuta – D. karooica – D. kniphofioides – D. laxiflora – D. ledermannii – D. ligulata – D. loedolffiae – D. macrantha – D. macrocarpa – D. macrocentra – D. marginata – D. maritima – D. mascarenensis – D. maura – D. media – D. montana – D. multifolia – D. multisetosa – D. mzimvubuensis – D. namibensis – D. nana – D. noctiflora – D. numidica – D. ollivieri – D. pancration – D. platyphylla – D. polyantha – D. polyphylla – D. porphyrantha – D. pulchromarginata – D. pumila – D. pusilla – D. razii – D. rotunda – D. rupicola – D. salteri – D. sanguinea – D. saniensis – D. sclerophylla – D. secunda – D. senegalensis – D. simensis – D. sphaerocephala – D. stenocarpa – D. sudanica – D. tazensis – D. undata – D. uniflora – D. uranthera – D. urgineoides – D. vermiformis – D. virens – D. wightii – D. zambesiaca
Name

Drimia Jacq., Collectanea 5: 38 (1797)
Type species: Drimia elata Jacq. Collectanea Suppl.: 38. (1797)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Urginea Steinh., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 1: 321 (1834)
Squilla Steinh., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 6: 276 (1836)
Pilasia Raf., Fl. Tellur. 2: 53 (1837)
Strepsiphyla Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 60 (1837)
Tenicroa Raf., Fl. Tellur. 3: 52 (1837)
Idothea Kunth, Enum. Pl. 4: 341 (1843)
Litanthus Harv., London J. Bot. 3: 314 (1844)
Idothearia C.Presl, Abh. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss., ser. 4, 3: 544 (1845)
Rhadamanthus Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 37 (1866)
Sypharissa Salisb., Gen. Pl.: 37 (1866)
Rhodocodon Baker, J. Linn. Soc., Bot. 18: 280 (1881)
Thuranthos C.H.Wright, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1916: 233 (1916)
Urgineopsis Compton, J. Bot. 68: 107 (1930)
Charybdis Speta, Phyton (Horn) 38: 58 (1998)
Ebertia Speta, Phyton (Horn) 38: 65 (1998)
Rhadamanthopsis (Oberm.) Speta, Phyton (Horn) 38: 74 (1998)
Urginavia Speta, Phyton (Horn) 38: 86 (1998)
Boosia Speta, Stapfia 75: 168 (2001)
Duthiea Speta, Stapfia 75: 170 (2001)
Geschollia Speta, Stapfia 75: 169 (2001)
Indurgia Speta, Stapfia 75: 169 (2001)
Ledurgia Speta, Stapfia 75: 168 (2001)
Sekanama Speta, Stapfia 75: 168 (2001)
Mucinaea M.Pinter, Mart.-Azorín, U.Müll.-Doblies, D.Müll.-Doblies, Pf, Phyton (Horn) 53: 296 (2013)
Sagittanthera Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo, A.P.Dold & van Jaarsv., Phytotaxa 98: 46 (2013)
Vera-duthiea Speta, Phyton (Horn) 56: 154 (2016)
Aulostemon Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo, M.Pinter & Wetschnig, Phytotaxa 321: 288 (2017)
Striatula M.Pinter, Mart.-Azorín, M.B.Crespo & Wetschnig, Phyton (Horn) 59: 93 (2019)

References

Jacquin, N.J.v. 1797. Collectanea 5: 38.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Drimia in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 Mar. 3. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2014. Drimia. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 3 Mar. 2014.
International Plant Names Index. 2014. Drimia. Published online. Accessed: Mar. 3 2014.

Drimia is a genus of flowering plants. In the APG IV classification system, it is placed in the family Asparagaceae, subfamily Scilloideae (formerly the family Hyacinthaceae[2]). When broadly circumscribed, the genus includes a number of other genera previously treated separately, including Litanthus, Rhodocodon, Schizobasis and Urginea.[1]

One of the best-known species is the sea squill, Drimia maritima (formerly Urginea maritima). Drimia intricata (formerly Schizobasis intricata) is sometimes cultivated as a bulbous or succulent plant.

Description

Drimia species are usually deciduous, more rarely evergreen, growing from bulbs. The bulbs may be underground or occur on or near the surface. Each bulb has one to several leaves that are often dry by the time the flowers open. The inflorescence is in the form of a raceme, with one to many flowers. At least the lower inflorescence bracts have spurs (a characteristic of the tribe Urgineeae). The individual flowers generally last for only one to two days and have white to yellowish green or brown tepals that are either free or joined into a basal tube. The tepals often have a darker central keel. After fertilization, an ovoid capsule forms with several seeds in each locule. The seeds are black and winged.[3]
Taxonomy

A formal description of genus Drimia first appeared in the fourth edition of Species Plantarum, published in 1799, authored by Carl Ludwig Willdenow. The name was attributed to Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin.[1][4] When describing Drimia elata (the type species of the genus) in a work published in 1797, Jacquin said that he was unable to assign it to one of the known genera, and so constructed a new one. The name is erived from the Greek δριμεῖα drimeia, the feminine form of the adjective δριμύς drimys meaning "bitter" or "acrid", referring to the root.[5][6]

The boundaries between genera within the Scilloideae are not completely settled.[3][7] The situation has been described as being in a "state of flux".[2] As early as 1977, it was suggested that Urginea be merged into Drimia, although other small genera continued to be kept separate. In 2000, Peter Goldblatt and John Charles Manning proposed including other related genera, including Litanthus, Rhadamanthus and Schizobasis, a position supported later by some molecular phylogenetic studies.[3] This broad circumscription of Drimia is accepted by the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families.[1] Other sources prefer to maintain a larger number of segregate genera.[8][9] Regardless of whether a broad or strict view is taken of Drimia, it is placed in the tribe Urgineeae of the subfamily Scilloideae (or the subfamily Urgineoideae of the family Hyacinthaceae if this family is separated from Asparagaceae).[3]
Litanthus group

The genus Litanthus was for a long time monotypic, with the sole species L. pusillus, before in 2000 Goldblatt and Manning included it in Drimia.[3] A further species, Drimia stenocarpa, was added to the group in 2014. The Litanthus group is characterized by one- or occasionally two-flowered inflorescences with drooping tubular flowers whose tepals are united at the base for more than half their length.[10]
Rhodocodon group

The genus Rhodocodon was included in Drimia by Goldblatt and Manning in 2000.[3] The species of Rhodocodon, or the Rhodocodon group within Drimia, including D. cryptopoda, form a well supported clade endemic to Madagascar. They appear to be the product of a single invasion of Madagascar by an African species. A total of 13 species are recognized by those who separate the genus from Drimia.[8]
Schizobasis group

The genus Schizobasis was included in Drimia by Goldblatt and Manning in 2000.[3] As many as eight species have been described, but in 2014 these were reduced to two: Drimia intricata, including all the previously described species, and the new species Drimia sigmoidea. The Schizobasis group is distinguished by its well branched, thin-stemmed inflorescence and small, filiform leaves that are found only in seedlings, disappearing in mature plants.[11]
Species

As of August 2017, the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families accepted 100 species:[12]

Drimia acarophylla E.Brink & A.P.Dold
Drimia albiflora (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia altissima (L.f.) Ker Gawl.
Drimia anomala (Baker) Baker
Drimia aphylla (Forssk.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia arenicola (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia aurantiaca (H.Lindb.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia barkerae Oberm. ex J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia basutica (E.Phillips) ined.
Drimia brachystachys (Baker) Stedje
Drimia calcarata (Baker) Stedje
Drimia capensis (Burm.f.) Wijnands
Drimia chalumnensis A.P.Dold & E.Brink
Drimia ciliata (L.f.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia cochlearis Mart.-Azorín
Drimia congesta Bullock
Drimia convallarioides (L.f.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia cremnophila van Jaarsv.
Drimia cryptopoda (Baker) Pfosser
Drimia cyanelloides (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia delagoensis (Baker) Jessop
Drimia dregei (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia duthieae (Adamson) Jessop
Drimia echinostachya (Baker) Eggli & N.R.Crouch
Drimia edwardsii N.R.Crouch & Mart.-Azorín
Drimia elata Jacq.
Drimia excelsa J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia exigua Stedje
Drimia exuviata (Jacq.) Jessop
Drimia fasciata (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia filifolia (Poir.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia fimbrimarginata Snijman
Drimia flagellaris T.J.Edwards
Drimia fragrans (Jacq.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia fugax (Moris) Stearn
Drimia glaucescens (Engl. & K.Krause) H.Scholz
Drimia guineensis (Speta) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia haworthioides Baker
Drimia hesperantha J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia hesperia (Webb & Berthel.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia hockii De Wild.
Drimia hyacinthoides Baker
Drimia incerta A.Chev. ex Hutch.
Drimia indica (Roxb.) Jessop
Drimia intricata (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia involuta (J.C.Manning & Snijman) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia johnstonii (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia kniphofioides (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia laxiflora Baker
Drimia ledermannii K.Krause
Drimia ligulata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia loedolffiae van Jaarsv.
Drimia macrantha (Baker) Baker
Drimia macrocarpa Stedje
Drimia macrocentra (Baker) Jessop
Drimia marginata (Thunb.) Jessop
Drimia maritima (L.) Stearn
Drimia mascarenensis (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia maura (Maire) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia media Jacq. ex Willd.
Drimia minuta Goldblatt & J.C.Manning
Drimia multifolia (G.J.Lewis) Jessop
Drimia multisetosa (Baker) Jessop
Drimia mzimvubuensis van Jaarsv.
Drimia nagarjunae (Hemadri & Swahari) Anand Kumar
Drimia nana (Snijman) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia noctiflora (Batt. & Trab.) Stearn
Drimia numidica (Jord. & Fourr.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia occultans G.Will.
Drimia oliverorum J.C.Manning
Drimia ollivieri (Maire) Stearn
Drimia pancration (Steinh.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia polyantha (Blatt. & McCann) Stearn
Drimia polyphylla (Hook.f.) Ansari & Sundararagh.
Drimia porphyrantha (Bullock) Stedje
Drimia psilostachya (Welw. ex Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia pulchromarginata J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia pusilla Jacq. ex Willd.
Drimia razii Ansari
Drimia rupicola (Trimen) Dassan. in M.D.Daddanayake & al. (eds.)
Drimia salteri (Compton) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia sanguinea (Schinz) Jessop
Drimia saniensis (Hilliard & B.L.Burtt) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia sclerophylla J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia secunda (B.Nord.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia senegalensis (Kunth) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia sigmoidea J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon
Drimia simensis (Hochst. ex A.Rich.) Stedje
Drimia sphaerocephala Baker in W.H.Harvey & auct. suc. (eds.)
Drimia stenocarpa J.C.Manning & J.M.J.Deacon
Drimia sudanica Friis & Vollesen
Drimia tazensis (Batt. & Maire) Stearn
Drimia undata Stearn
Drimia uniflora J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia uranthera (R.A.Dyer) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia urgineoides (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia vermiformis J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia virens (Schltr.) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia viridula (Baker) J.C.Manning & Goldblatt
Drimia wightii Lakshmin.

In addition, 10 species described in 2015, and placed by the authors in Rhodocodon,[9] are, as of August 2017, treated as "unplaced" in the World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, which does not recognize the genus; none have names in Drimia:[13]

Rhodocodon apiculatus H.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon calcicola Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon campanulatus Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon cyathiformis H.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon floribundus H.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon graciliscapus Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon intermedius H.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon linearifolius Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon monophyllus Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig
Rhodocodon rotundus H.Perrier ex Knirsch, Mart.-Azorín & Wetschnig

Distribution and habitat

The broadly defined genus has about 100 species found in Africa, including Madagascar, the Mediterranean area and Asia. About half of all the species occur in southern Africa, where species diversity is greatest in semi-arid regions with winter rainfall. Drimia generally is found in regions with seasonal dryness.[3]
References

"Drimia Jacq. ex Willd.", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2017-08-03
Chase, M.W.; Reveal, J.L. & Fay, M.F. (2009), "A subfamilial classification for the expanded asparagalean families Amaryllidaceae, Asparagaceae and Xanthorrhoeaceae", Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 161 (2): 132–136, doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00999.x
Manning, J.C.; Goldblatt, P.; Fay, M.F. (2004). "A revised generic synopsis of Hyacintheaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, based on molecular evidence, including new combinations and the new tribe Pseudoprospereae". Edinburgh Journal of Botany. 60 (3): 533–568. doi:10.1017/S0960428603000404.
Willdenow, C.L. (1799), "651 Drimia", Species Plantarum : Editio Quarta (in Latin), vol. 2, Berlin, pp. 165–166, retrieved 2017-08-03
Jacquin, N.J. (1797) [title page 1796], "Drimia elata", Collectaneorum Supplementum (in Latin), Vienna (Vindobona), pp. 38–39, retrieved 2017-08-03
δριμύς. Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert; A Greek–English Lexicon at the Perseus Project.
Wetschnig, W.; Pfosser, M. (2003). "The Scilla plumbea puzzle – present status of the genus Scilla sensu lato in southern Africa and description of Spetaea lachenaliiflora, a new genus and species of Massonieae (Hyacinthaceae)". Taxon. 52 (1): 75–91. doi:10.2307/3647303. JSTOR 3647303.
Pfosser, Martin; Knirsch, Walter; Pinter, Michael; Ali, Syed Shujait; Dutta, Suchandra & Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2012), "Phylogenetic relationships of Malagasy Hyacinthaceae", Plant Ecology and Evolution, 145 (1): 65–72, doi:10.5091/plecevo.2012.590
Knirsch, Walter; Martínez Azorín, Mario; Pfosser, Martin & Wetschnig, Wolfgang (2015-01-23), "The reinstatement and rediagnosis of the madagascan genus Rhodocodon (Asparagaceae, Scilloideae), with validation and remarks on H. Perrier's taxa", Phytotaxa, 195 (2): 101–134, doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.195.2.1
Manning, J.C.; Deacon, J. & Goldblatt, P. (2014), "A review of the Litanthus group of Drimia Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae) with the description of a second species, Drimia stenocarpa, from Western Cape", South African Journal of Botany, 90: 96–100, doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.10.006
Manning, John; Deacon, James & Goldblatt, Peter (2014), "A review of the Schizobasis group of Drimia Jacq. (Hyacinthaceae: Urgineoideae), and the new species D. sigmoidea from Western Cape, South Africa", South African Journal of Botany, 94: 263–269, doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2014.07.011
Search for "Drimia", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2017-08-04
"Search for Rhodocodon", World Checklist of Selected Plant Families, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, retrieved 2017-08-05

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