Elephantopus scaber

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Asterales

Familia: Asteraceae
Subfamilia: Vernonioideae
Tribus: Vernonieae
Subtribus: Elephantopinae
Genus: Elephantopus
Species: Elephantopus scaber
Varietas: E. s. var. argenteus – E. s. var. plurisetus
Name

Elephantopus scaber L., 1753
Synonyms

Asterocephalus cochinchinensis Spreng.
Scabiosa cochinchinensis Lour.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental:Asie
Java, Sri Lanka, India (throughout), Burma (Magway, Mandalay, Sagaing, Shan, Yangon), Bhutan, Darjeeling, Nepal, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia, peninsular Malaysia, China (Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Hunan, Jiangxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang), Taiwan, Ryukyu Isl., Andamans (North Andamans, Middle Andamans, South Andamans, Little Andaman Isl.), Nicobars (Car Nicobar Isl., North Nicobars, Central Nicobars, Great Nicobar Isl., Little Nicobar Isl.)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 814. Reference page.

Links

Hassler, M. 2018. Elephantopus scaber. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 May 29. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2018. Elephantopus scaber. Published online. Accessed: May 29 2018.
The Plant List 2013. Elephantopus scaber in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 May 29.
Tropicos.org 2018. Elephantopus scaber. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 29 May 2018.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Elephantopus scaber in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2007-10-06.

Elephantopus scaber is a tropical species of flowering plant in the sunflower family. It is native to tropical Africa, Eastern Asia, Indian Subcontinent, Southeast Asia, and northern Australia. It has become naturalized in tropical Africa and Latin America. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.[2][3][4][5][6][7][8]

Uses

Elephantopus scaber is used as a traditional medicine.[9] Different parts of the plant are used in traditional medicine of India as an astringent agent, cardiac tonic, and diuretic, and is used for eczema, rheumatism, fever, and bladder stones.[10] E.scaber modulates inflammatory responses by inhibiting the production of TNFα and IL-1β.[11]
Chemical constituents

Elephantopus scaber contains elephantopin which is a germacranolide sesquiterpene lactone containing two lactone rings and an epoxide functional group.[12][13] 17,19-Dihydrodeoxyelephantopin, iso-17,19- dihydro-deoxy elephantopin and 8-hydroxyl naringenin are the most important bioactive compounds responsible for anti-bacterial activity.[citation needed] By UPLC MS Q-TOF, 34 components were identified.[11]
Subspecies and varieties

Varieties of E. scaber include:[1]

Elephantopus scaber subsp. plurisetus (O.Hoffm.) Philipson
Elephantopus scaber subsp. scaber
Elephantopus scaber var. scaber
Elephantopus scaber var. sinuatus (Mor.) Miq.

References

The Plant List, Elephantopus scaber L.
Flora of China, 地胆草 di dan cao Elephantopus scaber Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 2: 814. 1753.
"Atlas of Living Australia, Elephantopus scaber L." Archived from the original on 2015-06-20. Retrieved 2015-06-20.
Breedlove, D.E. 1986. Flora de Chiapas. Listados Florísticos de México 4: i–v, 1–246.
Humbert, H. 1960. Composées. Fl. Madagasc. 189: 198-199 description in French
Humbert, H. 1960. Composées. Fl. Madagasc. 189: plate I (1), figures 10-12 at right line drawings of Elephantopus scaber
Jeffrey, C. 1988. Notes on Compositae: V. The Vernonieae in East Tropical Africa. Kew Bulletin 43(2): 195–277.
Nelson, C. H. 2008. Catálogo de las Plantas Vasculares de Honduras 1–1576. Secretaria de Recursos Naturales y Ambiente, Tegucigalpa.
Poli, A; Nicolau, M; Simoes, Cm; Nicolau, Rm; Zanin, M (Aug 1992). "Preliminary pharmacologic evaluation of crude whole plant extracts of Elephantopus scaber. Part I: in vivo studies". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 37 (1): 71–6. doi:10.1016/0378-8741(92)90005-C. ISSN 0378-8741. PMID 1453704.
Wang, Limei; Waltenberger, Birgit; Pferschy-Wenzig, Eva-Maria; Blunder, Martina; Liu, Xin; Malainer, Clemens; Blazevic, Tina; Schwaiger, Stefan; Rollinger, Judith M.; Heiss, Elke H.; Schuster, Daniela; Kopp, Brigitte; Bauer, Rudolf; Stuppner, Hermann; Dirsch, Verena M.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2014). "Natural product agonists of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ): A review". Biochemical Pharmacology. 92 (1): 73–89. doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.018. PMC 4212005. PMID 25083916.
Abhimannue, Anu P.; Mohan, Mohind C.; B, Prakash Kumar (13 February 2016). "Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α and Interleukin-1β Production in Lipopolysaccharide-Stimulated Monocytes by Methanolic Extract of Elephantopus scaber Linn and Identification of Bioactive Components". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology. 179 (3): 427–443. doi:10.1007/s12010-016-2004-0. PMID 26875087. S2CID 7097943.
"Antitumor activity of elephantopus scaber linn against dalton's ascitis lymphoma". Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 64 (1): 71–3. Jan–Feb 2002. Archived from the original on 2012-06-30.
"Elephantopus scaber". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 7 May 2011.