Endiandra

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Magnoliids
Ordo: Laurales

Familia: Lauraceae
Genus: Endiandra
Species: E. acuminata – E. aggregata – E. albiramea – E. aneityensis – E. anthropophagorum – E. archiboldiana – E. areolata – E. arfakensis – E. asymmetrica – E. aurea – E. baillonii – E. beccariana – E. bellendenkerana – E. bessaphila – E. brassii – E. bullata – E. carrii – E. chartacea – E. clavigera – E. clemensii – E. collinsii – E. compressa – E. cooperana – E. coriacea – E. cowleyana – E. crassiflora – E. crassipetala – E. cuneata – E. cupullata – E. cyphellophora – E. deomalica – E. dichrophylla – E. dielsiana – E. discolor – E. djamuensis – E. dolichocarpa – E. elaeocarpa – E. elongata – E. engleriana – E. euadenia – E. eusideroxylocarpa – E. faceta – E. ferruginea – E. firma – E. flavinervis – E. floydii – E. forbesii – E. formicaria – E. fulva – E. gem – E. gemopsis – E. gillespiei – E. glauca – E. globosa – E. grandifolia – E. grayi – E. hainanensis – E. havelii – E. hayesii – E. holttumii – E. hypotephra – E. immersa – E. impressicosta – E. inaequitepala – E. insignis – E. introrsa – E. invasiorum – E. jonesii – E. kassamensis – E. kingiana – E. lanata – E. latifolia – E. laxiflora – E. lecardii – E. ledermannii – E. leptodendron – E. limnophila – E. longipedicellata – E. luteola – E. lutifolia – E. macrophylla – E. macrostemon – E. magnilimba – E. maingayi – E. microneura – E. microphylla – E. minutiflora – E. monothyra – E. montana – E. monticola – E. muelleri – E. multiflora – E. neocaledonica – E. oblonga – E. ochracea – E. oviformis – E. palmerstonii – E. papuana – E. phaeocarpa – E. pilosa – E. polyneura – E. poueboensis – E. praeclara – E. pubens – E. recurva – E. reticulata – E. rhizophoretum – E. rifaiana – E. rigidior – E. rubescens – E. sankeyana – E. schlechteri – E. scrobiculata – E. sebertii – E. sericea – E. sideroxylon – E. sieberi – E. sleumeri – E. solomonensis – E. spathulata – E. sphaerica – E. sulavesiana – E. sumatrana – E. teschneriana – E. trichotosa – E. tryphera – E. versteeghii – E. virens – E. whitmorei – E. wolfei – E. wrayi – E. xanthocarpa – E. xylophylla
Name

Endiandra R.Br., Prodr. Fl. Nov. Holland. 402 (1810).

Type species: Endiandra glauca R.Br. Prodr. 402. (1810)

Synonyms

Heterotypic
Dictyodaphne Blume, Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. 1: 270 (1850).
Type species: Dictyodaphne rubescens Blume = Endiandra rubescens (Blume) Miq.
Brassiodendron C.K.Allen, J. Arnold Arbor. 23: 153 (1942).
Type species: Brassiodendron fragrans C.K.Allen = Endiandra fragrans (C.K.Allen) Kosterm.

References
Primary references

Brown, R. 1810. Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen. pp. i–viii + 145–590, Londini: R.Taylor. BHL Reference page.

Additional references

Arifiani, D. 2001. Taxonomic revision of Endiandra (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 46(1): 99–124. PDF
Arifiani, D., Basukriadi, A. & Chikmawati, T., 2012. The phylogenetic study of New Guinean species of Endiandra (Lauraceae) and its relationships with Beilschmiedia based on morphologocal characters. Floribunda 4(4): 93–102. PDF
Rohwer, J.G., De Moraes, P.L.R., Rudolph, B. & Van der Werff, H. 2014. A phylogenetic analysis of the Cryptocarya group (Lauraceae), and relationships of Dahlgrenodendron, Sinopora, Triadodaphne, and Yasunia. Phytotaxa 158(2): 111–132. DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.158.2.1 Reference page.

Links

Endiandra in: Australian Plant Census (APC) 2016. IBIS database, Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research, Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria. Accessed: 2016 Sept. 17.
International Plant Names Index. 2016. Endiandra. Published online. Accessed: Sept. 17 2016.
The Plant List 2013. Endiandra in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Sept. 17.
Tropicos.org 2016. Endiandra. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2016 Sept. 17.

Endiandra is a genus of about 126 species of plants, mainly trees, in the laurel family Lauraceae. They are commonly called "walnut" despite not being related to the Northern Hemisphere walnuts (Juglans spp.) which are in the family Juglandaceae.
Ecology

Shrubs and trees with lauroid leaves mostly, with bisexual flowers, usually with a large edible berry ovoid or globose, and seated directly on the pedicel. The seeds are dispersed by animals and birds. They have a broad distribution across South East Asia, Australia and into the western Pacific Ocean.[1]

Endiandra is a genus of evergreen trees belonging to the Laurel family, Lauraceae. Fossils show that before glaciations, when the climate was more humid and mild, species were distributed more widely. They are distributed in Asia, from India to Indochina, China, Malaysia, Australia, and Pacific islands, with 38 species endemic to Australia.

In Australia, they are often used as screen trees due to the thick foliage of a number of their species. Quite a few of the Australian species are rare, such as Endiandra globosa, Endiandra muelleri subsp. bracteata and Endiandra floydii.

The drying of the area during the glaciations caused that Endiandra to retreat to the mildest climate refuges, including Oceanic and southern islands and wetter mountain area. With the end of the last glacial period, Endiandra recovered some of its former range. They are mostly relicts of a type of vegetation disappeared, which originally covered much of the mainland of Australia, South America, Antarctica, South Africa, North America and other lands when their climate were more humid and warm. Although warm Cloud forests disappeared during the glaciations, they re-colonized large areas every time the weather was favorable again. Most of the Cloud forests are believed to have retreated and advanced during successive geological eras, and their species adapted to warm and wet gradually retreated and advanced, replaced by more cold-tolerant or drought-tolerant sclerophyll plant communities. Many of the then existing species became extinct because they could not cross the barriers posed by new oceans, mountains and deserts, but others found refuge as species relict in coastal areas and Islands.

Some species are well adapted to Tropical dry or deciduous forests, including Monsoon forests and Dry Monsoon forest. Some Endiandra present a convergent evolution due to ecological or physical drivers toward a similar solution, including analogous structures with species adapted to different environments, for example with plants adapted to Laurel forest habitat. These Endiandra resemble other genera in the family Lauraceae, and their leaves are lauroid type with berries eaten and dispersed mostly by birds. Others are even adapted to very wet media.

Some species are endangered and others have a very specialized ecological niche and consequently occupy small or specific areas. Although the majority of the species are the products of parapatric speciation, some groups have an ancient Gondwanan distribution and some groups responded to favourable climatic periods as opportunistic species and expanded across the available habitat, these last groups occur across wide distribution with close relatives and few species, indicating the recent divergence of these species.

Many species are having edible fruits. Some birds and bats that are specialised frugivores tend to eat the whole fruit and regurgitate seeds intact, which functions for Biological dispersal. Others swallow the fruit and pass the seed intact through the gut. An incomplete list of birds that rely heavily on the fruit for their diet include members of the families Cotingidae, Columbidae, Trogonidae, Turdidae, and Toucan. The fruits are an important food source for Palaeognathae highly dependent. Seed dispersal of various species in the genus is also carried out by fishes and big and small mammals as Pachyderms, Bovids, monkeys, arboreal rodents, porcupines, or possums.

Species

There were 126 accepted species as of May 2021.[2] These are:

Endiandra acuminata C.T.White
Endiandra aggregata Kosterm.
Endiandra albiramea Kosterm.
Endiandra aneityensis Guillaumin
Endiandra anthropophagorum Domin
Endiandra archboldiana C.K.Allen
Endiandra areolata Arifiani
Endiandra arfakensis Kosterm.
Endiandra asymmerrica Teschner
Endiandra baillonii (Pancher & Sebert) Guillaumin
Endiandra beccariana Kosterm.
Endiandra bellendenkerana B.Hyland
Endiandra bessaphila B.Hyland
Endiandra brassii C.K.Allen
Endiandra bullata (C.K.Allen) Kosterm.
Endiandra carrii Kosterm.
Endiandra chartacea Kosterm.
Endiandra clavigera Kosterm.
Endiandra clemensii C.K.Allen
Endiandra collinsii B.Hyland
Endiandra compressa C.T.White – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra cooperana B.Hyland
Endiandra coriacea Merr.
Endiandra cowleyana F.M.Bailey
Endiandra crassiflora C.T.White & W.D.Francis
Endiandra cuneata Miq.
Endiandra cyphellophora Kosterm.
Endiandra dichrophylla F.Muell.
Endiandra dielsiana Teschner
Endiandra discolor Benth. – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra djamuensis Kosterm.
Endiandra dolichocarpa S.K.Lee & Y.T.Wei
Endiandra elaeocarpa Gillespie
Endiandra elongata Arifiani
Endiandra engleriana Teschner
Endiandra euadenia Kosterm.
Endiandra eusideroxylocarpa Kosterm.
Endiandra faceta Kosterm.
Endiandra ferruginea Teschner
Endiandra firma Nees
Endiandra flavinervis Teschner
Endiandra floydii B.Hyland – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra forbesii Gamble
Endiandra formicaria Kosterm.
Endiandra fulva Teschner
Endiandra gem Kosterm.
Endiandra gemopsis Kosterm.
Endiandra gillespiei A.C.Sm.
Endiandra glauca R.Br.
Endiandra globosa Maiden & Betche – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra grandifolia Teschner
Endiandra grayi B.Hyland
Endiandra hainanensis Merr. & F.P.Metcalf
Endiandra havelii Kosterm.
Endiandra hayesii Kosterm. – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra holttumii M.R.Hend.
Endiandra hypotephra F.Muell. – Queensland, Australia
Endiandra immersa Arifiani
Endiandra impressicosta C.K.Allen
Endiandra insignis (F.M.Bailey) F.M.Bailey
Endiandra introrsa C.T.White – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra invasiorum Kosterm.
Endiandra javanica Kamik.
Endiandra jonesii B.Hyland
Endiandra kingiana Gamble
Endiandra lanata Arifiani
Endiandra latifolia Kosterm.
Endiandra laxiflora Merr.
Endiandra lecardii Guillaumin
Endiandra ledermannii Teschner
Endiandra leptodendron B.Hyland
Endiandra limnophila B.Hyland
Endiandra longipedicellata C.T.White
Endiandra luteola A.C.Sm.
Endiandra macrophylla (Blume) Boerl.
Endiandra macrostemon Kosterm.
Endiandra magnilimba Kosterm.
Endiandra maingayi Hook.f.
Endiandra merrillii Kamik.
Endiandra microneura C.T.White
Endiandra microphylla Teschner
Endiandra minutiflora Kosterm.
Endiandra × monothyra B.Hyland
Endiandra montana C.T.White
Endiandra monticola A.C.Sm.
Endiandra muelleri Meisn. – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra multiflora Teschner
Endiandra neocaledonica Kosterm.
Endiandra oblonga Teschner
Endiandra ochracea Kosterm.
Endiandra oviformis Kosterm.
Endiandra palmerstonii (F.M.Bailey) C.T.White
Endiandra papuana Lauterb.
Endiandra phaeocarpa B.Hyland
Endiandra pilosa Kosterm.
Endiandra polyneura Schltr.
Endiandra poueboensis Guillaumin
Endiandra praeclara Gamble
Endiandra pubens Meisn. – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra recurva C.T.White
Endiandra reticulata Gillespie
Endiandra rhizophoretum Kosterm. ex Arifiani
Endiandra rigidior Kosterm.
Endiandra rubescens (Blume) Miq.
Endiandra sankeyana F.M.Bailey
Endiandra schlechteri Teschner
Endiandra scrobiculata Kosterm. ex Kochummen
Endiandra sebertii Guillaumin
Endiandra sericea Kosterm.
Endiandra sideroxylon B.Hyland
Endiandra sieberi Nees – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra sleumeri Kosterm.
Endiandra solomonensis C.K.Allen
Endiandra spathulata Kosterm.
Endiandra sphaerica C.K.Allen
Endiandra sulavesiana Kosterm.
Endiandra teschneri Kamik.
Endiandra teschneriana C.K.Allen
Endiandra trichotosa A.C.Sm.
Endiandra tryphera A.C.Sm.
Endiandra versteeghii Kosterm.
Endiandra virens F.Muell. – New South Wales & Queensland, Australia
Endiandra whitmorei Kosterm.
Endiandra wolfei B.Hyland
Endiandra wrayi Gamble
Endiandra xanthocarpa B.Hyland
Endiandra xylophylla Kosterm.