Epipactis atrorubens

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Orchidaceae
Subfamilia: Epidendroideae
Tribus: Neottieae
Genus: Epipactis
Species: Epipactis atrorubens
Name

Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser, Prim. Fl. Galic. 2: 220. (1809)
Synonymy

Basionym
Serapias latifolia atrorubens Hoffm., Deutschl. Fl., ed. 2, 2: 182. (1804)
Homotypic
Serapias atrorubens (Hoffm.) Bernh., Neues J. Bot. 1(3): 172. (1806)
Epipactis latifolia var. atrorubens (Hoffm.) Irmisch, Linnaea 16: 450. (1842)
Helleborine atrorubens (Hoffm.) Druce, Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48. (1905).
Heterotypic
Epipactis helleborine var. rubiginosa Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 2: 467. (1769)
Epipactis helleborine var. viridans Crantz, Stirp. Austr. Fasc., ed. 2, 2: 467. (1769)
Serapias latifolia O.F.Müll.. in G.C.Oeder & auct. suc. (eds.), Fl. Dan.: t. 811. (1780), nom. illeg.
Serapias latifolia var. sylvestris Pers., Syn. Pl. 2: 512. (1807)
Epipactis atropurpurea Raf., Caratt. Nuov. Gen.: 87. (1810)
Serapias sylvestris Murray ex Steud., Nomencl. Bot.: 766. (1821)
Epipactis latifolia var. rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin, Fl. Helv. 5: 465. (1829)
Epipactis latifolia Less., Linnaea 9: 156. (1834), nom. illeg.
Epipactis media Fr., Novit. Fl. Suec. Mant. 2: 54. (1839)
Epipactis macropodia Peterm., Fl. Bienitz: 31. (1841)
Epipactis rubiginosa (Crantz) Gaudin ex W.D.J.Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv., ed. 2: 801. (1844)
Epipactis latifolia subvar. lutescens Coss. & Germ., Fl. Descr. Anal. Paris: 561. (1845)
Epipactis latifolia var. minor Neilr., Fl. Nied.-Oesterr.: 203. (1859)
Epipactis latifolia var. viridans (Crantz) Asch., Fl. Brandenburg 1: 693. (1864)
Epipactis atrorubens var. media (Fr.) Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 688. (1882)
Epipactis microphylla Sieber ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Eur.: 688. (1882), nom. inval.
Epipactis latifolia f. viridans (Crantz) Dichtl, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. 1: 149. (1883)
Epipactis viridans (Crantz) Beck, Fl. Nieder-Österreich: 214. (1890)
Limodorum rubiginosum (Crantz) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 2: 671. (1891)
Epipactis atropurpurea f. pallens Beckh., Fl. Westfalen: 855. (1893)
Epipactis rubiginosa f. latifolia Tocl, Beitr. Fl. Nordung.: 5. (1900)
Helleborine media (Fr.) Druce, Ann. Scott. Nat. Hist. 1905: 48. (1905)
Epipactis atropurpurea var. orbicularis Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 228. (1906)
Epipactis rubiginosa var. orbicularis Zapał., Consp. Fl. Gallic. Crit. 1: 228. (1906)
Helleborine atropurpurea (Raf.) Schinz & Thell., Vierteljahrsschr. Naturf. Ges. Zürich 53: 588. (1908)
Epipactis atropurpurea var. leviconica Engenst., Allg. Bot. Z. Syst. 18: 111. (1912)
Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. lutescens (Coss. & Germ.) Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 206. (1912)
Epipactis atropurpurea subvar. virescens Rouy in G.Rouy & J.Foucaud, Fl. France 13: 206. (1912)
Epipactis atrorubens var. stenopetala W.Zimm., Form. Orch. Deut.: 74. (1912)
Amesia atropurpurea (Raf.) A.Nelson & J.F.Macbr., Bot. Gaz. 56: 47. (1913)
Helleborine rubiginosa (Crantz) Samp., Herb. Portug.: 36. (1913)
Helleborine viridans (Crantz) Samp., Herb. Portug.: 36. (1913)
Amesia rubiginosa (Crantz) Mousley, Canad. Field-Naturalist 40: 182. (1926)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. alternifolia G.Froel. ex Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. borbasii Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. leviconica (Engenst.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea lusus lutescens (Crantz & Germ.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. orbicularis (Zapał.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea lusus pallens (Beckh.) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. radnensis Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea f. suboppositifolia G.Froel.. ex Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Helleborine atropurpurea var. tremolsii (Pau) Soó, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 24: 34. (1927)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. albiflora E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. borbasii (Soó) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. lutescens ({Crantz} & Germ.) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. radnensis (Soó) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. suboppositifolia (G.Froel. ex Soó) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929)
Epipactis atrorubens subvar. viridiflora (Sanio) E.G.Camus in E.G.Camus & A.Camus, Iconogr. Orchid. Europe 2: 481. (1929), nom. inval.
Epipactis atrorubens f. pallens (Beckh.) Hyl., Nomenkl. Stud. Nord. Gefässpfl.: 119. (1945)
Epipactis helleborine subsp. viridans (Crantz) O.Schwarz, Mitt. Thüring. Bot. Ges. 1: 92. (1949)
Epipactis atropurpurea var. longibracteata Bordz. in Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 344. (1950)
Epipactis atropurpurea var. majoriflora Bordz., in Fl. RSS Ucr. 3: 344. (1950)
Epipactis atrorubens f. angustifolia Snarskis, Lietuvos T.S.R. Fl. 2: 678. (1963)
Epipactis atrorubens subsp. borbasii Soó in Z.Kárpáti, Magyar Fl.: 703. (1968)
Epipactis atrorubens f. latifolia (Tocl) Soó, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57. (1969)
Epipactis atrorubens f. longibracteata (Bordz.) Soó, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57. (1969)
Epipactis atrorubens f. majoriflora (Bordz.) Soó, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57. (1969)
Epipactis atrorubens f. orbicularis (Zapał.) Soó, Ann. Univ. Sci. Budapest. Rolando Eötvös, Sect. Biol. 11: 57. (1969)
Epipactis atrorubens subsp. triploidea Gelbr. & G.Hamel, Gleditschia 15: 204. (1987)
Epipactis subclausa Robatsch, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 20: 167. (1988)
Epipactis thessala B.Baumann & H.Baumann, Mitt. Arbeitskreis Heimische Orchid. Baden-Württemberg 20: 5. (1988)
Epipactis danubialis Robatsch & Rydlo, Linzer Biol. Beitr. 21: 296. (1989)
Epipactis atrorubens f. sirneensis Neirynck, Caesiana 5: 44. (1995)
Epipactis spiridonovii [[Jean Devillers-Terschuren|]]. & Devillers, Naturalistes Belges 76: 87. (1995)
Epipactis atrorubens subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Ciocârlan & R.Rösler, J. Eur. Orch. 36: 812. (2004)
Epipactis atrorubens subsp. spiridonovii (Devillers-Tersch. & Devillers) Kreutz, Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 59. (2004)
Epipactis atrorubens subsp. subclausa (Robatsch) Kreutz, Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 59. (2004)
Epipactis atrorubens var. triploidea (Gelbr. & G.Hamel) Kreutz, Kompend. Eur. Orchid.: 60. (2004)
Epipactis atrorubens var. atrata A.Waldner & Webernd., J. Eur. Orch. 37: 132. (2005)
Epipactis persica subsp. danubialis (Robatsch & Rydlo) Kreutz, Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 24(1): 183. (2007)
Epipactis atrorubens var. macedonica Kreutz, Tsiftsis & Antonop., Ber. Arbeitskreis. Heimische Orchid. 26(2): 32. (2009)

Homonym

Epipactis atrorubens [[riedrich Wilhelm Gottlieb Theophil Rostkovius|]] ex Spreng., Syst. Veg. 3: 707 (1826), nom. illeg.] - vide: Epipactis microphylla (Ehrh.) Sw., Kongl. Vetensk. Acad. Nya Handl. 21: 232 (1800)

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Europe
Northern Europe
Denmark, Finland, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, Sweden.
Middle Europe
Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland.
Southwestern Europe
France, Spain.
Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Romania, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia.
Eastern Europe
Belarus, Baltic States, Central European Russia, East European Russia, North European Russia, South European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Ukraine.
Asia-Temperate
Siberia
West Siberia.
Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus.

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Besser, W.S.J.G.v. 1809. Primitiae Florae Galiciae Austriacae Utriusque 2: 220.

Links

Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2022. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Epipactis atrorubens. Accessed: 2022 Jan 8.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Epipactis atrorubens in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 Jan 8. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Epipactis atrorubens in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 Jan 8. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2022. Epipactis atrorubens. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 Jan 8. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Epipactis atrorubens. Published online. Accessed: 8 Jan 2022.
Tropicos.org 2022. Epipactis atrorubens. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 Jan 8.

Vernacular names

беларуская: Гайнік цёмна-чырвоны
čeština: Kruštík tmavočervený
Deutsch: Braunrote Ständelwurz
English: Royal helleborine
suomi: Tummaneidonvaippa

Epipactis atrorubens, the dark-red helleborine[2] or royal helleborine, is an herbaceous plant in the orchid family, Orchidaceae.

As with many other species of orchids, the species is legally protected in some countries. Plantlife designated the dark-red helleborine as the county flower for Banffshire, Scotland.

Description

The plant is hardy and has a short rootstalk, often with multiple, fleshy roots. It blooms from June to August with erect, mostly purple inflorescences with dense hair on the tops, standing between 20–80 cm (7.9–31.5 in) in height. The blossoms emit a strong vanilla scent, especially in warm weather. The flowers sometimes vary in color, but are in general reddish-brown. The fruit is a capsule, out of which the light, dustlike seeds are spread by the wind. A number of natural hybrids with other Epipactis species are known.
Taxonomy

Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffm.) Besser is an accepted species,[1] though Epipactis atrorubens Rostk. ex Spreng.[3] nom. illeg. is a synonym of Epipactis microphylla.
Distribution and habitat

The dark-red helleborine is widespread across Europe,[4] and is found in the north to the subarctic, in the south to the Mediterranean, and in the east to Western Siberia and the Caucasus.[1] (Codes) [5] The orchid grows at altitudes from sea level to 2,400 m (7,900 ft), and so can be found in mountainous regions such as the southern Alps. In Central Europe it has been in decline in recent decades. It is not, however, one of the most severely threatened species of orchid. The species is also reportedly naturalized in one location in the US State of Vermont.[6][7]

The dark-red helleborine favours warm and dry locations, with soil basic to neutral in pH, nutrient-poor, and permeable. It grows in loose rock, scree, or sandy soils above a limestone substrate, including dunes, lawns, or open forest. It is also a pioneer species, which settles in fallow areas, road embankments, and waste dumps, in the early to middle stages of ecological succession, among communities of grass and bush and light birch stands.
Ecology

Epipactis atrorubens relies upon mycorrhizal associations with several fungi species in the order Pezizales. Pezizales are some of the least abundant fungal species in the forests where this orchid species grows.[8]

The flowers of this orchid species are often pollinated by insects, particularly bees.[9]
Conservation

This species is assessed as conservation status "least concern" in Europe and in the United Kingdom, however, its distribution in some countries is scarce and it has been noted to be threatened in some areas by overgrazing and quarrying.[10][11]

Plant

Inflorescence

Variation in flower colour
References

"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families".
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Syst. Veg. 3: 707 (1826)
Altervista Flora Italiana, Elleborine violacea, Epipactis atrorubens
"World Checklist of Selected Plant Families TDWG Geocodes" (PDF).
Flora of North America, v 26 p 585, Epipactis atrorubens (Hoffmann ex Bernhardi) Besser
Biota of North America Program, county distribution map
American Journal of Botany - Symbiotic germination capability of four Epipactis species (Orchidaceae) is broader than expected from adult ecology
Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae
European Environment Agency
BSBI Species Account