Erysimum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Brassicales

Familia: Brassicaceae
Tribus: Erysimeae
Genus: Erysimum
Subgenera: E. subg. Arabidella – E. subg. Cuspidaria – E. subg. Erysimum – E. subg. Norduliferum – E. subg. Teretiphyllum – E. subg. Tuberculatum

Overview of species

E. absconditum – E. acrotonum – E. adcumbens – E. afghanicum – E. aksaricum – E. alaicum – E. amasianum – E. ammophilum – E. amurense – E. anceps – E. andrzejowskianum – E. apenninum – E. arbuscula – E. arenicola – E. armeniacum – E. artwinense – E. asperulum – E. asperum – E. aureum – E. aurigeranum – E. aznavourii – E. babadagense – E. babataghi – E. badghisi – E. baeticum – E. bagcii – E. baicalense – E. bastetanum – E. baytopiae – E. belvederense – E. bicolor – E. boissieri – E. bonannianum – E. boreale – E. brevistylum – E. brulloi – E. bulgaricum – E. caboverdeanum – E. caespitosum – E. callicarpum – E. calycinum – E. candicum – E. canum – E. capitatum – E. carium – E. carniolicum – E. caspicum – E. caucasicum – E. cazorlense – E. cheiranthoides – E. cheiri – E. coarctatum – E. collinum – E. comatum – E. concinnum – E. contractum – E. corinthium – E. crassicaule – E. crassipes – E. crassistylum – E. crepidifolium – E. creticum – E. croaticum – E. croceum – E. cuspidatum – E. cyaneum – E. czernjajevii – E. dagestanicum – E. damirliense – E. deflexum – E. degenianum – E. diffusum – E. dincii – E. dirmilense – E. drenowskii – E. duranii – E. duriaei – E. echinellum – E. eginense – E. ehrendorferi – E. elbrusense – E. erolii – E. erosum – E. etnense – E. etruscum – E. euphraticum – E. evinense – E. exaltatum – E. ferganicum – E. fitzii – E. flavum – E. forrestii – E. franciscanum – E. friedrichii – E. frigidum – E. froehneri – E. funiculosum – E. gabrielianiae – E. geisleri – E. gelidum – E. ghaznicum – E. ghiesbreghtii – E. gladiiferum – E. gomez-campoi – E. goniocaulon – E. gorbeanum – E. graecum – E. grandiflorum – E. griffithianum – E. griffithii – E. guneri – E. gypsaceum – E. hajastanicum – E. hakkiaricum – E. handel-mazzettii – E. hedgeanum – E. hezarense – E. hieraciifolium – E. hirschfeldioides – E. horizontale – E. huber-morathii – E. hungaricum – E. ibericum – E. idae – E. ikizdereense – E. incanum – E. inconspicuum – E. inense – E. insubricum – E. insulare – E. iraqense – E. ischnostylum – E. jacquemoudii – E. jugicola – E. kamelinii – E. kartalkayaense – E. kazachstanicum – E. kerbabaevii – E. ketenoglui – E. koelzii – E. korabense – E. kostkae – E. kotschyanum – E. kotuchovii – E. krendlii – E. krynkense – E. kuemmerlei – E. kurdicum – E. kykkoticum – E. lagascae – E. laxiflorum – E. lazistanicum – E. ledebourii – E. leptocarpum – E. leptophyllum – E. leptostylum – E. leucanthemum – E. ligusticum – E. lilacinum – E. linariifolium – E. linifolium – E. lycaonicum – E. macilentum – E. macropetalum – E. macrospermum – E. macrostigma – E. maderense – E. majellense – E. maremmanum – E. marschallianum – E. marshallii – E. mediohispanicum – E. melicentae – E. menziesii – E. merxmuelleri – E. metlesicsii – E. meyerianum – E. michaelis – E. mongolicum – E. montis-argentarii – E. montosicola – E. moranii – E. munzuriense – E. mutabile – E. myriophyllum – E. nabievii – E. nasturtioides – E. naxense – E. nemrutdaghense – E. nevadense – E. nuristanicum – E. occidentale – E. ochroleucum – E. odoratum – E. oleifolium – E. olympicum – E. osseticum – E. pachycarpum – E. pallasii – E. parnassi – E. pectinatum – E. penyalarense – E. perenne – E. perofskianum – E. pignattii – E. pirinicum – E. polatschekii – E. ponticum – E. popovii – E. portugalense – E. pseudoatticum – E. pseudocuspidatum – E. pseudopurpureum – E. pseudorhaeticum – E. pulchellum – E. purpureum – E. pusillum – E. pycnophyllum – E. quadrangulum – E. raineri – E. raulinii – E. repandum – E. rhaeticum – E. rhodium – E. riphaeanum – E. rizeense – E. robustum – E. rondae – E. roseum – E. ruscinonense – E. salangense – E. samarkandicum – E. scabrum – E. schlagintweitianum – E. scoparium – E. seipkae – E. semperflorens – E. senoneri – E. serpentinicum – E. siliculosum – E. sintenisianum – E. sisymbrioides – E. sivasicum – E. slavjankae – E. smyrnaeum – E. sorgerae – E. spetae – E. stenophyllum – E. strictum – E. substrigosum – E. subulatum – E. suffrutescens – E. sylvestre – E. szowitsianum – E. talijevii – E. tenellum – E. teppneri – E. teretifolium – E. thyrsoideum – E. tuteliae – E. ucranicum – E. uncinatifolium – E. vassilczenkoi – E. violascens – E. virescens – E. virgatum – E. vitekii – E. vitellinum – E. vuralii – E. wardii – E. welcevii – E. wilczekianum – E. witmannii – E. yaltirikii – E. yildirimlii – E. zeybekianum
Source(s) of checklist:
Name

Erysimum L., Sp. Pl. 2: 660. 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 296. 1754.

Lectotype species (designated by M.L. Green, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 55. 6 Apr 1925): Erysimum cheiranthoides L., Sp. Pl. 2: 661. 1753.

Synonyms

Homotypic
Cheirinia Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. Alt. 2: 170. 1822.
Heterotypic
Cheiranthus L., Sp. Pl. 2: 661. 1753; Gen. Pl., ed. 5: 297. 1754.
Lectotype species (designated by M.L. Green, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew 1925: 55. 6 Apr 1925): Cheiranthus cheiri L.
Cheiri Ludwig, Inst. ed. 2. 125. 1757.
Leucoium Mill., Gard. Dict. Abr. ed. 4. 1754, nom. illeg. non Leucojum L. (1753).
Acachmena H.P.Fuchs, Taxon 9: 55. 1960.
Agonolobus (C.A.Mey.) Rchb., Deut. Bot. Herb.-Buch: 183. 1841.
× Cheirysimum Janch., Oesterr. Bot. Z. 82: 153. 1933.
Cuspidaria Link (1831), non DC. (1838, nom. cons.), nec Fée (1850), nec (DC.) Besser, Enum. Pl. Volh.: 104. 1822.
Dichroanthus Webb & Berthel., Hist. Nat. Iles Canaries 3(2; 1): 65. 1836.
Erysimastrum (DC.) Rupr., Mém. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint Pétersbourg, Sér. 7, 15(2): 76. 1869.
Gynophorea Gilli, Feddes Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 57: 226. 1955.
Keiri Fabr., Enum.: 160. 1759.
Palaeconringia E.H.L.Krause, Archiv Vereins Freunde Naturgesch. Mecklenburg, n.f., 2: 135. 1927.
Schelhameria Heist. ex Fabr., Enum.: 161. 1759, non Schelhammera R.Br. (1810, nom. cons.)
Strophades Boiss., Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 2, 17: 82. 1842.
Stylonema (DC.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 36. 1891, non Reinsch (1874–5)
Syrenia Andrz. ex Besser, Enum. Pl. Volh. 2: 104. 1822.
Syreniopsis H.P.Fuchs, Acta Bot. Acad. Sci. Hung. 5: 52. 1959, non Jaub. & Spach (1842)
Zederbauera H.P.Fuchs, Phyton (Horn) 8: 162. 1959.

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 660. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1754. Genera Plantarum, ed. 5: 296. Reference page.

Additional references

Polatschek, A. 1973: Die Vertreter der Gattung Erysimum auf Kreta. Ann. Mus. Goulandris 1: 113–126. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 1974. Systematisch-nomenklatorische Vorarbeit zur Gattung Erysimum in Italien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 78: 171–182. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Ančev, M.E. & Polatschek, A. 1998. Three new species of Erysimum L. (Brassicaceae) from Bulgarian flora. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 100: 725–737. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal PDF Reference page.
Ančev, M.E. & Polatschek, A. 2003. Erysimum bulgaricum (Brassicaceae), a newly distinguished species for the Balkan Peninsula. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 104: 691–698. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2008. Erysimum (Brassicaceae): 15 neue Arten aus Europa, N-Afrika und Asien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 109: 147–165. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2010. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 1: Russland, die Nachfolgestaaten der USSR (excl. Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan), China, Indien, Pakistan, Japan und Korea. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 111B: 181–275. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2011. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 2: Georgien, Armenien, Azerbaidzan, Türkei, Syrien, Libanon, Israel, Jordanien, Irak, Iran, Afghanistan. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 112B: 369–497. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2012. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae), Teil 3: Amerika und Grönland. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 113B: 139–192. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2013. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 115B: 57–74. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2013. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan- Halbinsel bis Albanien. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien 115B: 75–218. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Polatschek, A. 2014. Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Nachträge zu den Bearbeitungen de Iberischen Halbinsel und Makaronesiens. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie 116: 87–105. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF. Reference page.
Peccenini, S. & Polatschek, A. 2014. The genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) in Italy, part II: Description of new species and subspecies. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B, Botanik und Zoologie 116: 107–117. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF Reference page.
Peccenini, S. & Polatschek, A. 2016. The genus Erysimum (Brassicaceae) in Italy, part III: Key to the species and description of the new species E. apenninum, E. etruscum, E. pignattii. Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B, Botanik und Zoologie 118: 147–166. JSTOR Hybrid open access journal. PDF Reference page.

Links

Koch, M.A. et al. 2019. Erysimum in BrassiBase Tools and biological resources to study characters and traits in the Brassicaceae. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jun 01.
International Plant Names Index. 2019. Erysimum. Published online. Accessed: Jun 01 2019.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2019. Erysimum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2019 Jun 01. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2019. Erysimum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 01 Jun 2019.
Farr, E.R. & Zijlstra, G. (eds.) 1996 onwards. Erysimum in Index Nominum Genericorum (Plantarum). Accessed: 2020 Jan 04.

Vernacular names
العربية: قصيصة
azərbaycanca: Sarılıqotu
беларуская: Жаўтушнік
български: Боянка
català: Erísim
kaszëbsczi: Tuj
čeština: trýzel
Deutsch: Schöteriche
English: Wallflowers
eesti: Harakalatv
فارسی: شب بوی خیری (سرده)
suomi: Ukonnauriit
français: Vélar
עברית: אריסימון
hornjoserbsce: Hórnač
հայերեն: Ձագախոտ
ქართული: ერიზიმუმი
қазақша: Сарыбасшөп
кыргызча: Даргын
lietuvių: Tvertikas
Nederlands: Steenraket
polski: Pszonak
русский: Желтушник
slovenčina: horčičník
svenska: Kårlar
тоҷикӣ: Хокшир
Türkçe: Duvar çiçeği
中文: 糖芥属

Erysimum, or wallflower, is a genus of flowering plants in the cabbage family, Brassicaceae. It includes more than 150 species, both popular garden plants and many wild forms.[1][2][3][4][5][6] The genus Cheiranthus is sometimes included here in whole or in part. Erysimum has since the early 21st century been ascribed to a monogeneric cruciferous tribe, Erysimeae, characterised by sessile, stellate (star-shaped) and/or malpighiaceous (two-sided) trichomes, yellow to orange flowers and multiseeded siliques.

Morphology

Wallflowers are annuals, herbaceous perennials or sub-shrubs. The perennial species are short-lived and in cultivation treated as biennials. Most species have stems erect, somewhat winged, canescent with an indumentum of bifid hairs, usually 25 ± 53 cm × 2–3 mm in size, and t-shaped trichomes. The leaves are narrow and sessile. The lower leaves are linear to oblanceolate pinnatifid with backwardly directed lobes, acute, 50–80 mm × 0.5–3 mm. Stem leaves are linear, entire, all canescent with 2-fid hairs; 21–43 mm × 1.5–2 mm. Inflorescences are produced in racemes, with bright yellow to red or pink bilateral and hermaphrodite, hypogynous and ebracteate flowers. Flowering occurs during spring and summer. One species, Erysimum semperflorens, native to Morocco and Algeria, has white flowers. The floral pedicel ranges from 4 to 7 mm. Four free sepals somewhat saccate, light green, 5–7 mm × 1.5–2 mm.
Etymology

The genus name Erysimum is derived from the Greek word 'Eryo' meaning to drag.[7]
Distribution

Wallflowers are native to southwest Asia, the Mediterranean, Europe, Africa (Cabo Verde), Micronesia, and North America through Costa Rica. Many wallflowers are endemic to small areas, such as:

E. etnense (Mount Etna)
E. franciscanum (north Californian coast)
E. kykkoticum (Cyprus – nearly extinct)
E. moranii (Guadalupe Island)
E. nevadense (the Sierra Nevada of Spain)
E. scoparium (the Teide volcano on Tenerife)
E. teretifolium (endangered – inland sandhills of Santa Cruz County, California)

Cultivation

Most wallflower garden cultivars (e.g. Erysimum 'Chelsea Jacket') are derived from E. cheiri (often placed in Cheiranthus), from southern Europe. They are often attacked by fungal and bacterial disease, so they are best grown as biennials and discarded after flowering. They are also susceptible to clubroot, a disease of Brassicaceae. Growth is best in dry soils with very good drainage, and they are often grown successfully in loose wall mortar, hence the vernacular name. There is a wide range of flower color in the warm spectrum, including white, yellow, orange, red, pink, maroon, purple and brown. The flowers, appearing in spring, usually have a strong fragrance. Wallflowers are often associated in spring bedding schemes with tulips and forget-me-nots.[8]

The cultivar 'Bowles's Mauve'[9] has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[10] It can become a bushy evergreen perennial in milder locations. It is strongly scented and attractive to bees.
Ecology

Erysimum is found in a range of habitats across the northern hemisphere, and has developed diverse morphology and growth habits (herbaceous annual or perennial, and woody perennial). Different Erysimum species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera (butterflies and moths) species including the garden carpet (Xanthorhoe fluctuata). In addition, some species of weevils, like Ceutorhynchus chlorophanus, live inside the fruits feeding on the developing seeds. Many species of beetles, bugs and grasshoppers eat the leaves and stalks. Some mammalian herbivores, for example mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) in North America, argali (Ovis ammon) in Mongolia, red deer (Cervus elaphus) in Central Europe, or Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) in the Iberian Peninsula, feed on wallflower flowering and fruiting stalks. Erysimum crepidifolium (pale wallflower) is toxic to some generalist vertebrate herbivores.[11][12]

Most wallflowers are pollinator-generalists, their flowers being visited by many different species of bees, bee flies, hoverflies, butterflies, beetles, and ants. However, there are some specialist species. For example, Erysimum scoparium is pollinated almost exclusively by Anthophora alluadii.
Defensive compounds

Like most Brassicaceae, species in the genus Erysimum produce glucosinolates as defensive compounds.[13][14] However, unlike almost all other genera in the Brassicaceae, Erysimum also accumulates cardiac glycosides, another class of phytochemicals with an ecological importance in insect defense.[15][16] Cardiac glycosides specifically function to prevent insect herbivory[17] and/or oviposition[18] by blocking ion channel function in muscle cells.[19] These chemicals are toxic enough to deter generalist,[20] and even some specialist[21] insect herbivores. Cardiac glycoside production is widespread in Erysimum, with at least 48 species in the genus containing these compounds.[16][22] Accumulation of cardiac glycosides in Erysimum crepidifolium, but not other tested species, is induced by treatment with jasmonic acid and methyl jasmonate,[23][22] endogenous elicitors of chemical defenses in many plant species.[24] Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that Erysimum diversification from other Brassicaceae species that do not produce cardiac glycosides began in the Pliocene (2.33–5.2 million years ago),[25][1] suggesting relatively recent evolution of cardiac glycosides as a defensive trait in this genus.
Escape from herbivory

The evolution of novel chemical defenses in plants, such as cardenolides in the genus Erysimum, is predicted to allow escape from herbivory by specialist herbivores and expansion into new ecological niches.[26] The crucifer-feeding specialist Pieries rapae (white cabbage butterfly) is deterred from feeding and oviposition by cardenolides in Erysimum cheiranthoides.[27][28][29][30][31] Similarly, Anthocharis cardamines (orange tip butterfly), which oviposits on almost all crucifer species, avoids E. cheiranthoides.[32] Erysimum asperum (western wallflower) is resistant to feeding and oviposition of Pieris napi macdunnoughii (synonym Pieris marginalis, margined white butterfly).[33][34] Two crucifer-feeding beetles, Phaedon sp. and Phyllotreta sp., were deterred from feeding by cardenolides that were applied to their preferred food plants.[35][36] Consistent with the hypothesis of enhanced speciation after escape from herbivory, phylogenetic studies involving 128 Erysimum species indicate diversification in Eurasia between 0.5 and 2 million years ago, and in North America between 0.7 and 1.65 million years ago.)[1] This evolutionarily rapid expansion of the Erysimum genus has resulted in several hundred known species distributed throughout the northern hemisphere.[1][2][3][4][5][6]
Ethnobotanical uses of Erysimum

Erysimum species have a long history of use in traditional medicine. In Naturalis Historia by Pliny the Elder (~77), Erysimum is classified as a medicinal rather than a food plant. Erysimum cheiri is described as a medicinal herb in De Materia Medica by Pedanius Dioscorides (~70), which was the predominant European medical pharmacopeia for more than 1,500 years. Other medieval descriptions of medicinal herbs and their uses, including the Dispensatorium des Cordus by Valerius Cordus (1542), Bocks Kräuterbuch by Hieronymus Bock (1577), and Tabernaemontanus’ Neuw Kreuterbuch by Jacobus Theodorus Tabernaemontanus (1588), also discuss applications of E. cheiri. In traditional Chinese medicine, Erysimum cheiranthoides has been used to treat heart disease and other ailments.[37] Although medical uses of Erysimum became uncommon in Europe after the Middle Ages,[38] Erysimum diffusum, as well as purified erysimin and erysimoside, have been applied more recently as Ukrainian ethnobotanical treatments.[39]
Selected species
Main article: List of Erysimum species

Erysimum allionii – Siberian wallflower
Erysimum amasianum – Turkish wallflower
Erysimum ammophilum
Erysimum angustatum – Dawson wallflower
Erysimum arenicola – Cascade wallflower
Erysimum baeticum
Erysimum caboverdeanum – Cabo Verde Wallflower
Erysimum capitatum – sanddune wallflower, western wallflower
Erysimum cazorlense, syn. Erysimum myriophyllum subsp. cazorlense
Erysimum cheiranthoides – wormseed wallflower
Erysimum × cheiri – wallflower
Erysimum collinum
Erysimum crepidifolium – pale wallflower
Erysimum creticum – Crete wallflower
Erysimum diffusum – diffuse wallflower
Erysimum etnense – Mount Etna wallflower
Erysimum franciscanum – Franciscan wallflower
Erysimum fitzii
Erysimum gomez-campoi
Erysimum hedgeanum – syn. Arabidopsis erysimoides
Erysimum inconspicuum – smallflower prairie wallflower
Erysimum insulare
Erysimum jugicola
Erysimum kotschyanum – Kotschy wallflower
Erysimum kykkoticum
Erysimum mediohispanicum, syn. Erysimum nevadense subsp. mediohispanicum
Erysimum menziesii
Erysimum myriophyllum
Erysimum nervosum
Erysimum nevadense – Sierra Nevada wallflower
Erysimum odoratum – smelly wallflower (syn. Erysimum pannonicum)
Erysimum popovii
Erysimum raulinii – Crete wallflower
Erysimum redowskii, syn. Erysimum pallasii – Pallas' wallflower
Erysimum repandum
Erysimum rhaeticum – Swiss wallflower
Erysimum scoparium – Teide wallflower
Erysimum siliculosum
Erysimum teretifolium – Santa Cruz wallflower, Ben Lomond wallflower

Gallery

Erysimum witmanii inflorescence

Erysimum 'Chelsea Jacket'

Erysimum helveticum

Erysimum allionii inflorescence

Erysimum × linifolium 'Bowles's Mauve'

Erysimum cheiranthoides

References

Moazzeni, Hamid; Zarre, Shahin; Pfeil, Bernard E.; Bertrand, Yann J. K.; German, Dmitry A.; Al-Shebaz, Ihsan A.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Oxelman, Bengt (2014). "Phylogenetic perspectives on diversification and character evolution in the species-rich genus Erysimum (Erysimeae; Brassicaceae) based on a densely sampled ITS approach". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 175 (4): 497–522. doi:10.1111/boj.12184.
Al-Shehbaz, Ihsan A.; Windham, Michael D.; Warwick, Suzanne I.; O'Kane, Steve L.; Mummenhoff, Klaus; Mayer, Michael; Koch, Marcus A.; Bailey, C. Donovan (2006). "Toward a Global Phylogeny of the Brassicaceae". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 23 (11): 2142–2160. doi:10.1093/molbev/msl087. ISSN 0737-4038. PMID 16916944.
Rollins, Reed Clark. (1993). The 'Cruciferae' of continental North America : systematics of the mustard family from the Arctic to Panama. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0804720649. OCLC 610871656.
Polatschek, Adolf (1976). "Die Gattung Erysimum auf den Kapverden, Eanaren und Madeira". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. 80: 93–103. ISSN 0083-6133. JSTOR 41769598.
Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 5. Nord-, West-, Zentraleuropa, Rumänien und westliche Balkan-Halbinsel bis Albanien". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 75–218. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922111.
Polatschek, A. (2013). "Revision der Gattung Erysimum (Cruciferae): Teil 4. Nordafrika, Malta und Zypern". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 115: 57–74. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 43922110.
Archibald William Smith A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins, p. 148, at Google Books
RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
"Erysimum 'Bowles's Mauve'". Royal Horticultural Society. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
"AGM Plants - Ornamental" (PDF). Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 45. Retrieved 2 May 2018.
Roth, Lutz. (1994). Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte : Giftpflanzen von A-Z : Notfallhilfe : Vorkommen, Wirkung, Therapie : allergische und phototoxische Reaktionen. Ecomed. ISBN 3609648104. OCLC 891791701.
Bleicher Schöterich (Erysimum crepidifolium). In: giftpflanzen.com.
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