Geranium carolinianum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids II
Ordo: Geraniales

Familia: Geraniaceae
Genus: Geranium
Subgenus: G. subg. Geranium
Sectio: G. sect. Geranium
Species: Geranium carolinianum
Name

Geranium carolinianum L., 1753
Synonyms

Geranium atrum Moench
Geranium carolinianum f. albiflorum B.Boivin
Geranium carolinianum var. confertiflorum Fernald
Geranium carolinianum var. sphaerospermum (Fernald) Breitung
Geranium carolinum Crantz
Geranium dissectum var. carolinianum (L.) Hook.f.
Geranium langloisii Greene
Geranium lanuginosum Jacq.
Geranium lenticulum Raf.
Geranium sphaerospermum Fernald
Geranium thermale Rydb.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
Alabama, Alberta, Arizona, Arkansas, British Columbia, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Manitoba, Maryland, Massachusetts, Mexico Northeast, Mexico Northwest, Mexico Southwest, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Ontario, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Québec, Rhode I., Saskatchewan, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Utah, Vermont, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming
Introduced into:
Argentina Northeast, Argentina Northwest, Bahamas, Bermuda, Bolivia, Brazil South, Brazil Southeast, Chile Central, China South-Central, China Southeast, Dominican Republic, India, Jamaica, Japan, Korea, Paraguay, Peru, Réunion, Taiwan, Uruguay

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition

References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 682. Reference page. :

Additional references

Aedo, C. 2012. Revision of Geranium (Geraniaceae) in the New World. Systematic Botany Monographs 95: 1–550. JSTOR Reference page.
Aedo, C. 2017. Revision of Geranium (Geraniaceae) in the Western and Central Pacific area. Systematic Botany Monographs 102: 1–240. Reference page.
Allred, K. W. 2012. Flora Neomexicana. The vascular plants of New Mexico. Vol. 1: An annotated checklist to the names of vascular plants, with synonymy and bibliography. Ed. 2. 613 pp. Range Science Herbarium, Las Cruces, New Mexico. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Geranium carolinianum in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 02. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Geranium carolinianum. Published online. Accessed: Aug 02 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Geranium carolinianum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 02.
Hassler, M. 2021. Geranium carolinianum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Aug 02. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2021. World Plants. Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. . Geranium carolinianum. Accessed: 02 Aug 2021.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Geranium carolinianum L. in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2016-05-23.
Geranium carolinianum L. – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Geranium carolinianum – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
Global Biodiversity Information Facility. 2019. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. Checklist dataset. Taxon: Geranium carolinianum.
EOL: Geranium carolinianum

Vernacular names
English: Carolina crane's-bill, Carolina geranium
suomi: Amerikankurjenpolvi
日本語: アメリカフウロ, 亜米利加風露

Geranium carolinianum is a species of geranium known by the common name Carolina crane's-bill, [1] or Carolina geranium. [2] This species is native to North America, where it is widespread and grows in many types of habitat. There are two varieties; Geranium carolinianum var. carolinianum and the Geranium carolinianum var. sphaerospermum. This is a summer or winter annual herb. It can be considered invasive depending on the region, when it is found in the United States it is considered to be native.[3]

The USDA has specific symbols or coding labeled for each plant in their database. For the Geranium carolinianum, it is GECAC4.[4]

Description

The plant has erect stems covered in spiky hairs. The color of the stem is typically pink to red. There are two leaves per node on each stem, called opposite leaves. The stem is not succulent and not nutrient-rich as a source of calories for herbivores.[5]

The palmate leaves are several centimeters wide, ranging between 3–8 cm. with a growth pattern of alternate, and usually divided into five segments which are each subdivided into elegantly pointed lobes and secondary lobes; they can be toothed or the leaves can be cleft. The leaf color can also appear grayish-green due to fine pubescent hairs that are present on the leaves.

The inflorescence is a cluster of one to several small flowers. Each flower has five-pointed sepals which can be as long as the petals, and five-notched petals in shades of white, light pink to lavender. This is a distinguishing factor for discriminating G. carolinianum from other species of Geranium. The flowers form in short tight clusters which grow off the main stems. The anthers do not have nectar spurs. The carpels have hair and are fused together. There are five carpels and one pistil. The petals are rounded. The color of the sepals is green to brown; they are ovate. Despite being thin, dry and paper-like, the sepals are flexible.[6] The plant does not persist after flowering. Flowers of G. carolinianum bloom in late May to July. They do not give off any strong aroma or scent to attract pollinators into visiting the flower, but rather depend on visual stimuli for insects to be attracted for the benefit of the naturally produced sap.

The fruit has a hairy body and a style up to 1.5 centimeters long; it can grow to a length of 5mm. The fruit of the plant has long beak-like structures giving the plant its nickname of "Cranesbill." The seed surfaces are finely reticulated. The seeds have pits or depressions in them and are wingless. The fruit is dry, and does not split open when ripened. The root system of Geranium carolinium is a taproot structure that can grow to a depth of 15 centimeters. The plant has a superior ovary.
Range and Distribution

Geranium carolinianum is found throughout much of the continental United States, from the New England region south to Central Mexico and along the Eastern coast.[7] The plant likes arid areas that are nutrient-poor and have little competition, such as clay and limestone prairies, lawns and roadsides, as well as abandoned fields and farmlands.[8]

The pH that the Geranium carolinianum can survive in, is relatively high comparatively; the pH that is suitable for most plants is considerably lower. The plant can be found in conditions that are inhospitable to most plants as long as there is water available within reason.
Medicinal Applications

There is potential for Geranium carolinianum to fight Hepatitis B. The ethanol extracted from the plant has been effective in treating inflammatory issues as well.[9] The presence of the anti-HBV compounds in the geraniin, ellagic acid and hyperin in G. carolinianum L. might account for the effectiveness of this folk medicine in the treatment of HBV infections.[10]
Image depicts the flowers of G. carolinianum.
Cultivation

Geranium carolinianum enjoys soils that do not have excessive competition. It does well in very bright to partial sunshine places.[11] The plant may be considered invasive in multiple states, each depending on the growth and distribution of the plant. In Kentucky, New York, and Illinois Carolina Cransbill is considered invasive because it grows rampantly, and can smother desirable plants. It is self-seeding and can survive being transplanted from one location to another in cultivation.[12]
Wildlife use

Insect visitors that have been observed collecting nectar include long-tongued bees (Megachile spp.), short-tongued bees (Halictid bees), and flower flies (Syrphids) who, in the larval stage, can provide early, cool-season aphid control. Northern Bobwhite Quails as well as Mourning Doves are known to eat the seeds of the plant.[13] It is also a preferred winter forage for White-tailed Deer in the Southeast, with an average of 19 percent crude protein in the vegetative state.[14]
References

"Carolina Cranesbill (Geranium carolinianum)". illinoiswildflowers.info. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
"CAROLINA GERANIUM (Geranium carolinianum)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Springer Netherlands, 2008, p. 783, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1684, ISBN 9781402045844
"CAROLINA GERANIUM (Geranium carolinianum)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Springer Netherlands, 2008, p. 783, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1684, ISBN 9781402045844
"CAROLINA GERANIUM (Geranium carolinianum)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Springer Netherlands, 2008, p. 783, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1684, ISBN 9781402045844
"CAROLINA GERANIUM (Geranium carolinianum)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Springer Netherlands, 2008, p. 783, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1684, ISBN 9781402045844
Klesta, Kevin (2013-06-07). "Native Plant Information Network2013195Native Plant Information Network. Austin, TX: Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center, The University of Texas at Austin Gratis URL: http://www.wildflower.org/explore/ Last visited March 2013". Reference Reviews. 27 (5): 40–41. doi:10.1108/rr-03-2013-0063. ISSN 0950-4125.
"Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center - The University of Texas at Austin". wildflower.org. Retrieved 2018-11-13.
"CAROLINA GERANIUM (Geranium carolinianum)", Westcott's Plant Disease Handbook, Springer Netherlands, 2008, p. 783, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4585-1_1684, ISBN 9781402045844
Li, Jiyang; Huang, Hai; Feng, Meiqing; Zhou, Wei; Shi, Xunlong; Zhou, Pei (2008-08-01). "In vitro and in vivo anti-hepatitis B virus activities of a plant extract from Geranium carolinianum L". Antiviral Research. 79 (2): 114–120. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.03.001. ISSN 0166-3542. PMID 18423640.
Li, Liyang (2008). "Anti-hepatitis B Virus Activities of Geranium carolinianum L. Extracts and Identification of the Active Components". J-Stage. 31 (4): 743–7. doi:10.1248/bpb.31.743. PMID 18379075.
"Geranium carolinianum (Carolina Cranesbill): Minnesota Wildflowers". minnesotawildflowers.info. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
"Carolina Cranesbill (Geranium carolinianum) in the Geraniums Database - Garden.org". garden.org. Retrieved 2018-11-28.
"Carolina Crane's-bill, Geranium carolinianum". calscape.org. Retrieved 2018-12-07.
"The Nutritive Value of Common Pasture Weeds and Their Relation to Livestock Nutrient Requirements". pubs.ext.vt.edu. Retrieved 2018-12-07.