Ilex verticillata

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Campanulids
Ordo: Aquifoliales

Familia: Aquifoliaceae
Genus: Ilex
Species: Ilex verticillata
Name

Ilex verticillata (L.) A.Gray, 1856.
Synonyms

Ilex bronxensis Britton
Ilex fastigiata E. P. Bicknell
Ilex verticillata var. cyclophylla B.L. Rob.
Ilex verticillata var. fastigiata (E.P. Bicknell) Fern.
Ilex verticillata var. padifolia (Willd.) Torr. & A.Gray ex S.Watson
Ilex verticillata subsp. tenuifolia (Torr.) E. Murray
Ilex verticillata var. tenuifolia (Torr.) S. Wats.
Prinos confertus Moench
Prinos gronovii Michx.
Prinos padifolius Willd.
Prinos prunifolius Desf.
Prinos verticillatus L.

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Northern America
USA (Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, District of Columbia, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, West Virginia), Canada (New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Isl., Quebec), St. Pierre et Miquelon

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References

Gray, A., 1856. Manual ed. 2: 264.

Links

International Plant Names Index. 2018. Ilex verticillata. Published online. Accessed: Oct. 29 2018.
Hassler, M. 2018. Ilex verticillata. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2018. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Oct. 29. Reference page.
The Plant List 2013. Ilex verticillata in The Plant List Version 1.1. Published online. Accessed: 2018 Oct. 29.
Tropicos.org 2018. Ilex verticillata. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 29 Oct. 2018.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Ilex verticillata in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
dansk: Virginsk Vinterbær
English: American Winterberry
suomi: Kesäorjanlaakeri

Ilex verticillata, the winterberry, is a species of holly native to eastern North America in the United States and southeast Canada, from Newfoundland west to Ontario and Minnesota, and south to Alabama.[3][4]

Other names that have been used include black alder,[5][6] Canada holly,[5] coralberry,[6] fever bush,[7] Michigan holly,[6] or winterberry holly.[3]

The species occurs particularly in wetland habitats, but also on dry sand dunes and grassland. The berries are an important food resource for some species of bird, among them the American robin.[8]

Description

Ilex verticillata is a shrub growing to 1–5 m (3–16 ft) tall. It is one of a number of hollies which are deciduous, losing their leaves in the fall. In wet sites, it will spread to form a dense thicket, while in dry soil it remains a tight shrub. The leaves are glossy green, 3.5–9 cm (1+3⁄8–3+1⁄2 in) long, 1.5–3.5 cm (5⁄8–1+3⁄8 in) broad, with a serrated margin and an acute apex. The flowers are small, 5 mm (0.20 in) in diameter, with five to eight white petals.

The fruit is a globose red drupe 6–8 mm (0.24–0.31 in) in diameter, which often persists on the branches long into the winter, giving the plant its English name. Like most hollies, it is dioecious, with separate male and female plants; the proximity of at least one male plant is required to pollenize the females in order to bear fruit.[8][9][10]

Cultivation and uses
Medicinal

The berries were used by Native Americans for medicinal purposes, the origin of the name "fever bush".[11]

The seeds, leaves, bark and berries of the plant can cause nausea and low blood pressure if ingested.[12]
Ornamental plant

Ilex verticillata – the American winterberry – is prized as an ornamental plant in gardens for the midwinter splash of bright color from densely packed berries, whose visibility is heightened by the loss of foliage; therefore it is popular even where other, evergreen, hollies are also grown. The bare branches covered in berries are also popular for cutting and use in floral arrangements.

It is easy to grow, with very few diseases or pests. Although wet acidic soils are optimal, the winterberry will grow well in the average garden. Numerous cultivars are available, differing in size and shape of the plant and color of the berry. At least one male plant must be planted in proximity to one or more females for them to bear fruit. Because both females and males come in early- and late-flowering varieties, males must be selected to have same timing as the females they are intended to pollinate.
Selected cultivars
Female

Ilex verticillata 'Winter Red' Fruit is orange-red
Ilex verticillata 'Afterglow' Fruit is orange-red
Ilex verticillata 'Red Sprite' Large, red fruit
Ilex verticillata 'Spravy' "Berry Heavy" Fruit is orange-red
Ilex verticillata 'Spriber' "Berry Nice" Bright red fruit

Male (pollinator; no fruit)

Ilex verticillata 'Southern Gentleman'
Ilex verticillata 'Jim Dandy'

References

Stritch, L. (2018). "Ilex verticillata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T122927488A122927624. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-1.RLTS.T122927488A122927624.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"NatureServe Explorer". Retrieved 2021-05-06.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Ilex verticillata". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
"Ilex verticillata". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 17 December 2017.
"Ilex verticillata (common winterberry)". Nova Scotia Wild Flora. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
Christman, Steve (2005). "Ilex verticillata". Floridata. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
"Ilex verticillata". Alabama Plant Atlas. Alabama Herbarium Consortium & the University of West Alabama. Retrieved 2018-09-01.
Glenn, Steven D. (2013). "Ilex verticillata". New York Metropolitan Flora Project. Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
Maunder, John E. (2012). "Aquifoliaceae: Holly Family". Digital Flora of Newfoundland and Labrador.
"Ilex verticillata". Bioimages.
"Search for Ilex verticillata". Native American Ethnobotany. Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
Maria, Cheryl Santa (28 July 2018). "Look but DON'T TOUCH: 8 TOXIC plants in Canadian gardens". The Weather Network. Retrieved 13 January 2021.