Iris xiphium

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Asparagales

Familia: Iridaceae
Subfamilia: Iridoideae
Tribus: Irideae
Genus: Iris
Subgenus: I. subg. Xiphium
Species: Iris xiphium
Name

Iris xiphium L., Sp. Pl. 40. 1753.

Synonyms

Homotypic
Iris coronaria Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 45. 1796, nom. superfl.
Iris hispanica Steud., Nomencl. Bot. 438. 1821, nom. inval.
Iris xiphium [unraked] hispanica (Steud.) Samp., Fl. Portug. 124. 1947, nom. inval.
Xiphion angustifolium Klatt, Linnaea 34: 569. 1865-1866, nom. illeg.

Heterotypic
Iris spectabilis Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot., sér. 3, 5: 93. 1846, nom. illeg.
Iris taitii Foster, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 40: 145. 1906.
Iris variabilis Jacq., Collectanea 2: 321. 1789.
Iris xiphia St.-Lag., Ann. Soc. Bot. Lyon 7: 128. 1880, orth. var.
Iris xiphium [unraked] lusitanica (Ker Gawl.) Samp., Man. Fl. Portug. 106. 1910.
Iris xiphium f. durandoi Batt. in Batt. & Trabut, Fl. Algérie, Monocot. 42. 1895.
Iris xiphium var. battandieri Foster, Bulbous Irises: 65. 1892.
Iris xiphium var. castrensis Costa in T.Gorchs (ed.), Programa Resum. Leccion. Bot. Gen.: 249. 1859.
Iris xiphium var. praecox Dykes, Genus Iris 215, 245, pl. 43. 1912)
Iris xiphium var. taitii (Foster) H.Christ., Guide Iris. 224. 1997, comb. inval.
Iris xiphium var. toletana Pau, in sched., nom. nud.
Xiphion verum Schrank, Flora 7(2 Beibl.): 16. 1824, nom. illeg.
Xiphion vulgare Mill., Gard. Dict. ed. 8: n.º 2. 1768.

References

Govaerts, R. et al. 2015. Iris xiphium in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2015 May 09. Reference page.
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 40.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Iris xiphium in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.

Vernacular names
English: Spanish Iris
suomi: Espanjankurjenmiekka
Türkçe: İspanya süseni

Iris xiphium, commonly known as the Spanish iris, is an iris native to Spain and Portugal. It has also been found in Corsica, South West France, southern Italy, Algeria and Tunisia.[2] This species is also known as the small bulbous-rooted iris.

It was first illustrated in 'Flowers of the Mediterranean' in 1965.[2]

It is bulbous and bears blue, violet, white or yellow flowers,[3] though they are not so large as those of I. xiphiodes. They are around 6 cm wide. The plant can reach up to 80 cm,[3] It typically flowers in May and June, but not always.

The greyish-green leaves emerge in autumn, they grow between 20–70 cm tall.[2] The leaves die after the flowers fade.[4]

The Spanish iris is favoured by florists for its striking colour combinations. This species has several varieties popular in horticulture, among them var. lusitanica whose flowers are yellow all over.

It is among the hardier bulbous irises, and can be grown in northern Europe. But not in all of North America, where frosts would damage the autumn foliage. It requires to be planted in thoroughly drained beds in very light open soil, moderately enriched, and should have a rather sheltered position.[5]
Hybrids

A popular hybrid (Iris tingitana × Iris xiphium) is known as Dutch Iris or Iris × hollandica.[6]
Cultivars

Known cultivars; Most growing up to 80 cm (32 in) tall with lance shaped mid-green leaves.[3]

'Blue Angel' (mid blue)
'Bronze Queen' (golden brown)
'Golden Harvest' (deep rich yello)
'Lusitanica' (yellow)
'Professor Blaauw' (deep blue)[7]
'Purple Sensation' (purple)[7]
'Queen Wilhelmina' (white)[3][8]
'Wedgewood' (bright blue)[9]
'White Excelsior' (white, with yellow stripe down the fall centres)[3]

References

"Iris xiphium L. is an accepted name". theplantlist.org (The Plant List). 23 March 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2015.
James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification, p. 258, at Google Books
Christopher Brickell RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers, p. 597, at Google Books
Scott Ogden and Lauren Springer Ogden Plants for Sustainable Gardens: 200 Drought-Tolerant Choices for All Climates&pg=PA165 Iris xiphium, p. 165, at Google Books
Benjamin Yoe Morrison Garden irises, p. 25, at Google Books
Uniprot: Iris hollandica
Lloyd, Christopher (2000). Christopher Lloyd's Garden Flowers. Cassell and Co. ISBN 0304354279.
"Iris xiphium 'Queen Wilhelmina' (Spanish iris) | Plant Finder | GreenPlantSwap". www.greenplantswap.co.uk. Retrieved 15 April 2019.
A Rees The Growth of Bulbs: Applied aspects of the physiology of ornamental bulbous, p. 10, at Google Books