Lilium auratum

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Ordo: Liliales

Familia: Liliaceae
Subfamilia: Lilioideae
Genus: Lilium
Sectio: L. sect. Archelirion
Species: Lilium auratum
Varietates: (6)
L. a. var. auratum – L. a. var. platyphyllum
Name

Lilium auratum Lindl., 1862.
Hybrids

Lilium × parkmannii Sarg. ex T.Moore

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Lindley, J. 1862. Gard. Chron. 1862: 644

Additional references

Ikinci, N., Oberprieler, C. & Güner, A. (2006). On the origin of European lilies: phylogenetic analysis of Lilium section Liriotypus (Liliaceae) using sequences of the nuclear ribosomal transcribed spacers. Willdenowia 36: 647-565.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Lilium auratum in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 July 29. Reference page.
Hassler, M. 2022. Lilium auratum. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2022 July 29. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2022. Lilium auratum. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 29 July 2022.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Lilium auratum. Published online. Accessed: July 29 2022.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Lilium auratum Lindl. in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 2014-06-18.
Lilium auratum – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
EOL: Lilium auratum

Vernacular names
العربية: زنبق ذهبي
日本語: ヤマユリ
한국어: 산나리
svenska: Gullbandslilja
中文: 天香百合

Lilium auratum (山百合, yamayuri, literally "mountain lily") is one of the true lilies. It is native to Japan and is sometimes called the golden-rayed lily or the goldband lily.

Description

The flower colour is typically white with gold radial markings and orange spots, but variations in flower colour and markings are known. For example, the variety platyphyllum which bears a gold stripe along the tepals but lacks spots.[1] The strongly scented flowers are the largest of any lily species and the largest plants, which can reach 2.5 metres (8 ft), can carry up to twenty of these.

It has been used widely in breeding and many of the more spectacular modern cultivars are derived in part from this species.
Lilium auratum var. auratum pollen
Cultivation

This lily does well in plain or acidic soil; rich or fertilised soil will kill the plant. Bulbs should be planted in a hole three times their size in both depth and width in a well-drained area. The best position for this plant is one where its top will receive sunlight while its base remains shaded.

This lily can be cultivated by seed, but for faster reproduction scaling is recommended. Its life span (around 3 or 4 years) is significantly less than that of its descendants, so reproducing this plant is important for gardeners.
Chemistry

L. auratum contains phenolic glycerides such as 1,2-O-diferuloylglycerol, 1-O-feruloyl-2-O-p-coumaroylglycerol, 1-O-p-coumaroyl-2-O-feruloylglycerol, 1-O-feruloylglycerol, 1,3-O-diferuloylglycerol, 1-O-feruloyl-3-O-p-coumaroylglycerol and 1-O-p-coumaroylglycerol.[2]
Export history

The Englishman who was the earliest collector of lily bulbs in Japan was arguably young John Gould Veitch of Veitch Nurseries, and in 1862 he sent to England the golden rayed lily, L. auratum, which became touted as the "aristocrat of lilies".[3] It was allegedly in 1867 that a man named John Joshua Jarmain operating from Yokohama became the first commercial exporter of Japanese lilies,[4] though the species of lily is not clarified. The mint exporter Samuel Cocking of Yokohama also exported lilies from the early 1800s,[5] presumably of the L. auratum species, which is the local prefectural flower [ja] of Kanagawa Prefecture.[6] Isaac Bunting, another purveyor of plants offered L. auratum for sale, as seen in his 1885 catalog.[7]
Edibility
Further information: Lilium § Culinary and herb uses

L. auratum is one of several species traditionally eaten as lily bulb (yuri-ne [ja]) in Japan,[8][9] usually saving the bulbs for eating until they have grown large.[10] The bulb is still used as food,[11] but while wild foraged L. auratum was formerly a major source entering the market, this has largely been displaced by farm-grown kooni-yuri or Lilium leichtlinii.[12]

The bulbs are also eaten in Chinese cuisine.[8]
Toxicity
Further information: Lilium § Toxicity

Any part of the Lilium species may exhibit toxicity to cats,[13][14] but it is not noted among "lilies" of particular concern for felines according to a Japanese veterinary source.[a][15]
Explanatory notes

The five deadliest "lilies" are listed as :Lilium longiflorum, L. lancifolium, L. leichtlinii, , Daylily (Hataya veterinary clinic)

References

Citations

The RHS Encyclopedia of Garden Plants, Christopher Brickell, Dorling Kindersley, London, 1996, p613. ISBN 0-7513-0436-0
Phenolic glycerides from Lilium auratum. Hiroko Shimomura, Yutaka Sashida and Yoshihiro Mimaki, Phytochemistry, 1987, Volume 26, Issue 3, Pages 844–845, doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84801-3
Sakasegawa (2005), p. 130.
Suzuki, Ichiro (1971), Nihon yurine bōeki no rekishi 日本ユリ根貿易の歴史 [History of the Trading of Japanese Lily Bulbs], Higashimatsuyama, Saitama: Suzuki Ichiro 47 pp. apud Sakasegawa (2005), pp. 130–131 and Prue (2010), p. 516
Sakasegawa (2005), p. 131.
Miyamoto, Kenji (2007). Kamakura no teien: Kamakura, Yokohama no meien wo meguru 鎌倉の庭園: 鎌倉・横浜の名園をめぐる. Kanagawa-shimbun. p. 321. ISBN 978-4-876-45399-3.
Prue (2010), p. 516.
Grieve, Maude (1971) [1931]. A Modern Herbal. Dover Press. p. 484. ISBN 978-0-486-22799-3.
"yuri ユリ", in Nihon shakai jii 日本社會事彙. Vol. 2. Keizai zasshi-sha. 1908. pp. 2079c, 2082–2083.
Taylor, Harriet Osgood (1912). A Modern Herbal. Dodd, Mead & Co. p. 284.
Kingsbury, Noel (2016). Garden Flora: The Natural and Cultural History of the Plants In Your Garden. Timber Press. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-604-69565-6.
Takekawa, Masae; Iizuka, Keiko, eds. (2016). Saishin oishii yasai hyaku shu no jōzu na sodate-kata 最新 おいしい野菜１００種のじょうずな育て方. Shufunotomo. p. 146.
Fitzgerald, KT (2010). "Lily toxicity in the cat". Top Companion Anim Med. 25 (4): 213–7. doi:10.1053/j.tcam.2010.09.006. PMID 21147474.
Pets and toxic plants UC Davis Veterinary Medicine.

Hataya Animal Hospital of Tarumi-ku, Kobe (2010-08-10). "Lily poisoning in Cats" 猫のユリ中毒. Retrieved 2020-01-12.

Bibliography

Sakasegawa, Sumiyuki (2005), "The Life of Isaac Bunting: The Victorian Colchester Nurseryman Who ʻDiscoveredʼ the Erabu Lily", Research Bulletin of the Faculty of Humanities, 26 (1): 127–150
Prue, James (2010), "Isaac Bunting (1850-1936): From Essex to Japan and Japanese Lily Bulbs", Britain and Japan: Biographical Portraits, Global Oriental, vol. 7, pp. 514–