Lotus corniculatus

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Rosids
Cladus: Eurosids I
Ordo: Fabales

Familia: Fabaceae
Subfamilia: Faboideae
Tribus: Loteae
Genus: Lotus
Species: Lotus corniculatus
Subspecies: L. c. subsp. callunetorum – L. c. subsp. corniculatus – L. c. subsp. glacialis – L. c. subsp. japonicus – L. c. subsp. komarovii – L. c. subsp. ruprechtii
Name

Lotus corniculatus L., 1753
Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Eurasia
Afghanistan, Albania, Austria, Baleares, Baltic States, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Central European Russia, Corse, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, East Aegean Is., East European Russia, East Himalaya, Finland, France, Føroyar, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Gulf States, Hungary, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Krasnoyarsk, Kriti, Krym, Lebanon-Syria, Myanmar, Nansei-shoto, Nepal, Netherlands, North Caucasus, North European Russia, Northwest European Russia, Norway, Pakistan, Palestine, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sardegna, Sicilia, South European Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Transcaucasus, Turkey, Turkey-in-Europe, Ukraine, West Himalaya, West Siberia, Yemen, Yugoslavia
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores, Madeira
Regional: Eastern Africa
Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Sudan, Tanzania
Introduced into:
Alabama, Amsterdam-St.Paul Is, Argentina Northwest, Arkansas, Brazil South, Cape Provinces, Chile Central, Chile South, Colombia, Colorado, Costa Rica, Falkland Is., Iceland, Illinois, Kentucky, Korea, Mexico Northwest, Mongolia, New Mexico, New South Wales, New York, New Zealand South, Northern Provinces, Primorye, South Australia, South Georgia, St.Helena, Tasmania, Tennessee, Tristan da Cunha, Turkmenistan, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vermont, Victoria

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 775. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Lotus corniculatus in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Feb 20. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. 2021. Lotus corniculatus. Published online. Accessed: Feb 20 2021.
Tropicos.org 2021. Lotus corniculatus. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 20 Feb 2021.
Hassler, M. 2021. Lotus corniculatus. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published online. Accessed: 2021 Feb 20. Reference page.
Lotus corniculatus in the Euro+Med PlantBase
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Lotus corniculatus in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 07-Oct-06.

Vernacular names
العربية: لوطس ياباني
беларуская: Рутвіца рагатая
català: Lot corniculat
čeština: Štírovník růžkatý
Cymraeg: Pys y ceirw
dansk: Almindelig kællingetand
Deutsch: Gewöhnlicher Hornklee

Ελληνικά : Λωτός ο κερατιοφόρος , Φεγγαρόφυλλα

English: Common Bird's-foot-trefoil
español: Loto corniculado
eesti: Harilik nõiahammas
euskara: Mendiko uso-belar
فارسی: آهوماش زرد
suomi: Keltamaite
Nordfriisk: Henk an höön
français: Lotier corniculé
galego: Corniños
hornjoserbsce: Łučny ledźbjenc
magyar: Szarvaskerep
հայերեն: Եղջերառվույտ եղջրավոր
italiano: Ginestrino
日本語: ミヤコグサ
lietuvių: Paprastasis garždenis
Nederlands: Gewone rolklaver
norsk nynorsk: Tiriltunge
norsk: Tiriltunge
polski: Komonica zwyczajna
русский: Лядвенец рогатый
slovenčina: Ľadenec rožkatý
slovenščina: Navadna nokota
српски / srpski: Звездан
svenska: Käringtand
Türkçe: Gazelboynuzu
українська: Лядвенець рогатий
中文: 百脉根
Lotus corniculatus is a flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to grasslands in temperate Eurasia and North Africa. Common names include common bird's-foot trefoil,[2] eggs and bacon,[3] birdsfoot deervetch,[4] and just bird's-foot trefoil,[5] though the latter name is often also applied to other members of the genus.

It is a perennial herbaceous plant, similar in appearance to some clovers. The name 'bird's foot' refers to the appearance of the seed pods on their stalk. Five leaflets are present, but with the central three held conspicuously above the others, hence the use of the name 'trefoil'. It is often used as forage and is widely used as food for livestock due to its nonbloating properties.

Description

The height of the plant is variable, from 5 to 20 centimetres (2 to 8 inches), occasionally more where supported by other plants; the stems can reach up to 50 cm (20 in) long. It is typically sprawling at the height of the surrounding grassland. It can survive fairly close grazing, trampling, and mowing. It is most often found in sandy soils. It flowers from June to September. The flowers develop into small pea-like pods or legumes.

The plant had many common English names in Britain, which are now mostly out of use. These names were often connected with the yellow and orange colour of the flowers, e.g. 'butter and eggs'. One name that is still used is eggs and bacon (or bacon and eggs).[6]
Lotus corniculatus flowers in southeastern Minnesota (late July 2016)
Subtaxa

The following subspecies are accepted:[1]

Lotus corniculatus subsp. afghanicus Chrtková
Lotus corniculatus subsp. corniculatus
Lotus corniculatus subsp. delortii (Timb.-Lagr.) Nyman
Lotus corniculatus subsp. fruticosus Chrtková
Lotus corniculatus subsp. preslii (Ten.) P.Fourn.

Distribution and habitat

Lotus corniculatus has a broad distribution worldwide.[5][1] It is common everywhere in Britain.[7] It is abundant in Ireland,[8] and also in Northern Ireland, including County Londonderry, County Down, and County Antrim.[9] Habitats include old fields, grassy places,[10] and roadsides.[9]
Uses

It is used in agriculture as a forage plant, grown for pasture, hay, and silage. It is a high quality forage that does not cause bloat in ruminants.[11] Taller-growing cultivars have been developed for this. It may be used as an alternative to alfalfa in poor soils.

A double-flowered variety is grown as an ornamental plant. It is regularly included as a component of wildflower mixes in Europe. It can also prevent soil erosion and provide a good habitat for wildlife.[11]

Fresh bird's-foot trefoil contains cyanogenic glycosides,[12] which release small amounts of hydrogen cyanide when macerated. This is not normally poisonous to humans, though, as the dose is very low, and the metabolization of cyanide is relatively quick.[13] Condensed tannins are also present in L. corniculatus.[14]

In the traditional medicine of the Sannio regio of Italy, the diluted infusions were used for anxiety, insomnia, and exhaustion.[15]
Ecology

The flowers are mostly visited by bumblebees.[16] In the Chicago Region, mostly non-native bees have been observed visiting the flowers, including Andrena wilkella, Anthidium oblongatum, Apis mellifera and Megachile rotundata.[17] The native bees Bombus impatiens and Megachile relativa have also been observed visiting birdsfoot trefoil flowers, though the latter only rarely.[17]

The plant is an important nectar source for many insects and is also used as a larval food plant by many species of Lepidoptera such as six-spot burnet and the silver-studded blue.[18] It is a host plant for the wood white butterfly, Leptidea sinapis.[19]
Invasive species

Birdsfoot trefoil is an invasive species in many parts of North America and Australia. It has been commonly planted along roadsides for erosion control or pastures for forage and then spreads into natural areas.[4][17] Once it has established in an area, it can outcompete native species.[17] The use of prescribed fire is not an effective management tool against Lotus corniculatus and herbicide is recommended instead to control it.[17]

References

"Lotus corniculatus L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanical Gardens Kew. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
"Bird's-foot trefoil". Plantlife. Retrieved 2018-04-16.
"Plant Fact Sheet, Birdsfoot Trefoil" (PDF). plants.usda.gov. United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. Retrieved 2018-10-19.
USDA, NRCS (n.d.). "Lotus corniculatus". The PLANTS Database (plants.usda.gov). Greensboro, North Carolina: National Plant Data Team. Retrieved 23 June 2015.
Collins English Dictionary
Martin, K. The Concise British Flora in Colour.
Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012. Webb's An Irish Flora. Cork University Press ISBN 978-185918-4783
Hackney, P. (Ed) 1992. Stewart & Corry's Flora of the North-east of Ireland, Third Edition. Institute of Irish Studies,The Queen's University of Belfast. ISBN 0-85389-446-9
Clapham, A.R., Tutin, T.G. and Warburg, E.F. 1968. Excursion Flora of the British Isles, Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-04656-4
Heuzé V.; Tran G.; Nozière P.; Lebas F. (2016). "Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus)". Feedipedia.org. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
"Lotus corniculatus Bird's Foot Trefoil PFAF Plant Database". Pfaf.org.
Scriber, J. Mark (1 January 1978). "Cyanogenic Glycosides in Lotus corniculatus. Their Effect upon Growth, Energy Budget, and Nitrogen Utilization of the Southern Armyworm, Spodoptera eridania". Oecologia. 34 (2): 143–155. doi:10.1007/BF00345163. JSTOR 4215630. PMID 28309546. S2CID 189827997.
"The effect of condensed tannins in Lotus corniculatus upon reproductive efficiency and wool production in sheep during late summer and autumn" (PDF). Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association. 61: 51–55. 1999. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
Guarino, Carmine (2008-08-30). "Ethnobotanical Study of the Sannio Area, Campania, Southern Italy" (PDF). Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 6: 255. doi:10.17348/era.6.0.255-317. ISSN 1547-3465.
Van Der Kooi, C. J.; Pen, I.; Staal, M.; Stavenga, D. G.; Elzenga, J. T. M. (2015). "Competition for pollinators and intra-communal spectral dissimilarity of flowers". Plant Biology. 18 (1): 56–62. doi:10.1111/plb.12328. PMID 25754608.
Wilhelm, Gerould; Rericha, Laura (2017). Flora of the Chicago Region: A Floristic and Ecological Synthesis. Indiana Academy of Sciences.
Thomas, C. D.; Glen, S. W. T.; Lewis, O. T.; Hill, J. K.; Blakeley, D. S. (1999-02-01). "Population differentiation and conservation of endemic races: the butterfly, Plebejus argus". Animal Conservation. 2 (1): 15–21. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1795.1999.tb00044.x. ISSN 1469-1795. S2CID 44647405.
Clarke, S. A.; Green, D. G.; Joy, J.; Wollen, K.; Butler, I. (2011-04-01). "Leptidea sinapis (Wood White butterfly) egg-laying habitat and adult dispersal studies in Herefordshire". Journal of Insect Conservation. 15 (1-2): 23–35. doi:10.1007/s10841-010-9300-8. ISSN 1366-638X.