Macropidia fuliginosa

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Monocots
Cladus: Commelinids
Ordo: Commelinaless

Familia: Haemodoraceae
Subfamilia: Conostyloideae
Genus: Macropidia
Species: Macropidia fuliginosa
Name

Macropidia fuliginosa (Hook.) Druce, 1917
Synonyms

Basionym
Anigozanthos fuliginosus Hook., Bot. Mag. 73: t. 4291 (1847).
Heterotypic
Macropidia fumosa J.Drumm. ex Harv., Hooker's J. Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 7: 57 (1855).

Distribution
Native distribution areas:

Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
(Western Australia: between Muchea and Walkaway, N of Perth)

References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references

Druce, G.C., 1917. Rep. Bot. Soc. Exch. Club Brit. Isles 4:634.

Additional references

Govaerts, R. 2004. World Checklist of Monocotyledons Database in ACCESS: 1–54382. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Reference page.

Links

Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Macropidia fuliginosa in World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Oct 03. Reference page.
Govaerts, R. et al. 2021. Macropidia fuliginosa in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Oct 03. Reference page.
International Plant Names Index. Oct. Macropidia fuliginosa. Published online. Accessed: 03 Oct.
Tropicos.org Oct. Macropidia fuliginosa. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published on the internet. Accessed: {{{4}}} 03 Oct.
Hassler, M. 2021. Macropidia fuliginosa. World Plants: Synonymic Checklists of the Vascular Plants of the World In: Roskovh, Y., Abucay, L., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., Bailly, N., Kirk, P., Bourgoin, T., DeWalt, R.E., Decock, W., De Wever, A., Nieukerken, E. van, Zarucchi, J. & Penev, L., eds. 2021. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2021 Oct 03. Reference page.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Macropidia fuliginosa in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service. Accessed: 08-Apr-12.

Vernacular names
русский: Макропидия тёмно-бурая

Macropidia fuliginosa, the sole species of genus Macropidia, is a perennial rhizomatous flowering plant. A relation of the kangaroo paws, Anigozanthus, which are also endemic to Southwest Australia, it is referred to as the black kangaroo paw. Bearing unusual black and green flowers, it occurs on a coastal plain from Perth to Geraldton.[1]

Taxonomy

A species of the Haemodoraceae family, once allied to the kangaroo paws Anigozanthus, but recognised as a separate and monotypic sister genus named Macropidia.[2][3] It was first described by James Drummond in a letter intended for publication in 1843, and named as "Anigozanthus Molloyiae". Drummond wrote of this species as a flower of mourning, and provided the epithet in reference to the recently deceased Georgiana Molloy, an early botanical collector of the region. The first published description by W. J. Hooker in the Botanical Magazine provided the name Anigozanthos fuliginosa in 1847,[4] but its later separation by Drummond and William Henry Harvey to a new genus in 1855 used Macropidia fumosa.[5] The erection of a new genus followed a visit by Hooker to the Swan River colony in 1854, the region in which Drummond lived and collected. The priority of the Hooker's earlier epithet was recognised by G. C. Druce, who established its revision as the current name Macropidia fuliginosa in 1917.[6]

The type locality is not certain, and while once thought to have been collected in the Hill River region, Stephen Hopper gave the location as "near Moore River" in the Flora of Australia. The collection was made by Johnston Drummond in 1843, probably close to the site where he was killed two years later; Rica Erickson identified a possible site near New Norcia and determined that he did not habitually visit the Hill river region.[6]

The name kangaroo paw is given for the flowering branches resemblance to a kangaroos forearm. The 'black' species is contained by a monotypic genus, eleven other similar plants of this name are contained by the genus Anigozanthus. The generic name Macropidia refers to the kangaroo genus Macropus; fuliginosa is from the Latin for soot (fuligo) referring to the black colouration.[7] The description of the species in the Botanical Magazine in 1847, then known only from dried specimens, gave the common name sooty anigozanthos.[4]

"Nollamara" is the Aboriginal word for the black kangaroo paw, a name given to a suburb of Perth.
Description
"Sooty Anigozanthos" - the Botanical Magazine, plate 4317

A small perennial herb with erect green-yellow leaves, its flowering scape is around one metre in height.[3] The leaves are strap-like, flattened, and between 315 and 460 mm long, 10 to 15 mm wide, and tightly arrayed at ground level.[8] They emerge from a stem beneath the ground, a rhizome, that allows the plants to regenerate after fire. Flowers occur in spring and summer on branched stem to a metre or more. Black hairs occur along the flowers and stems.[9]

The black and green color of the inflorescence is unusual in Australian plants, where it is only present in a few species of grevillea and another south-western species, Kennedia nigricans (black kennedia). The perianth curves back in an irregular form, leaving a tube between 12 to 18 mm long; the total length of this is 50 to 60 mm.[3]

Macropidia fuliginosa can be germinated from seed for cultivation, but with difficulty,[3] commercial production instead uses tissue culture as a means of propagation. It is not as widely propagated as the kangaroos paws of Anigozanthus , whose species are hardier and more successfully cultivated.[10]

It is classified as 'not threatened', within the Western Australian Flora Conservation Taxa.[8][11]

Distribution

Macropidia fuliginosa is found in a distribution range extending north from Muchea to Walkaway, favouring low mallee and heath vegetation on white or lateritic sand of the Southwest Australia bioregion. The population is uncommon and widely dispersed, usually occurring as isolated individuals instead of several plants growing together in a clump.[3]

Ecology

It is pollinated by nectar feeding birds, those observed are the Meliphagidae (honeyeater) species, the tawny-crowned Gliciphila melanops, singing Gavicalis virescens, brown Lichmera indistincta, and white-cheeked honeyeater Phylidonyris niger.[3][12]

Cultivation

When affected by disease it can be burned back to the ground and will regrow from the rhizome. Like many Australian natives it can withstand bushfire in the wild.[13] It is subject to fungal diseases such as the ink-spot fungus, and the rust fungus Puccinia haemodora.[14]

The plant is difficult to propagate from seed, and usually cultivated by tissue culture.[3]
References

Kangaroo Paws Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
"Macropidia Harv". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Hopper, Stephen; Wells, B. & B. (photography); Pieroni, M. (illustration) (1993). Kangaroo paws and catspaws; a natural history and field guide. Perth: CALM.
Hooker, W. J. (1847). "ANIGOZANTHOS fuliginosa. Sooty Anigozanthos". Botanical Magazine. 73: 4291.
Hooker 1855 Bot. Kew Gard. Misc. 7:57
Erickson, Rica (2005). "From Field and Study: James Drummond and the Black Kangaroo Paw [Macropidia fuliginosa]". The Western Australian Naturalist. 25 (1): 57–58.
Macropidia fuliginosa Australian National Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
"Macropidia fuliginosa (Hook.) Druce Black Kangaroo Paw". FloraBase. Western Australian Government Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
Macropidia fuliginosa Archived 2007-09-02 at the Wayback Machine Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP), 2006-02-20. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
Fact Sheet: Kangaroo Paws ABC Gardening Australia. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
Western Australian Flora Conservation Taxa Western Australian Herbarium, Department of Environment and Conservation, 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2007-09-30.
Black kangaroo paw Archived 2005-07-19 at the Wayback Machine Department of Agriculture, Western Australia. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
Paws for Reflection Archived 2007-09-05 at the Wayback Machine Brian Walters, Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants. Retrieved 2007-09-29.
Kangaroo Paws: Pests and Diseases Archived 2007-09-04 at the Wayback Machine Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants (ASGAP), 2006-02-04. Retrieved 2007-09-29.