Syringa vulgaris

Classification System: APG IV

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Cladus: Angiosperms
Cladus: Eudicots
Cladus: Core eudicots
Cladus: Asterids
Cladus: Lamiids
Ordo: Lamiales

Familia: Oleaceae
Tribus: Oleeae
Subtribus: Ligustrinae
Genus: Syringa
Subgenus: S. subg. Syringa
Series: S. ser. Syringa
Species: Syringa vulgaris
Name

Syringa vulgaris L. Sp. Pl. 1: 9. 1753
Synonyms

Homotypic
Lilac coerulea Lunell, Amer. Midl. Naturalist 4: 506. 1916, nom. illeg.
Lilac vulgaris (L.) Lam., Fl. Franç. 2: 305. 1779.
Liliacum vulgare (L.) P.Renault, Fl. Orne 100. 1804.
Syringa latifolia Salisb., Prodr. 13. 1796, nom. illeg.
Heterotypic
Lilac cordato-folia Gilib., Exerc. Phyt. 1: 1. 1792.
Lilac media Dum.Cours., Bot. Cult., éd. 2, 2: 574. 1811.
Lilac suaveolens Gilib., Fl. Lit. Inch. 1: 1. 1782.
Lilac vulgaris Lam., Fl. Fr., 2: 305. 1779.
Liliacum album P.Renault, Fl. Orne 100. 1804.
Syringa plena Lodd. ex Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1209. 1838, nom. inval. [1].
Syringa rhodopaea Velen., Rel. Mrkrvickanae: 20. 1922.
Syringa vulgaris f. albipleniflora S.D.Zhao, Fl. Liaoningica 2: 1158. 1992.
Syringa vulgaris var. alba Sol. ex Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 1, 1: 15. 1789.
Syringa vulgaris var. alba Weston, Bot. Univ. 1: 289. 1770, nom. superfl.
Syringa vulgaris var. alba major Lodd. ex Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1209. 1838 [2].
Syringa vulgaris var. alba-plena Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1209. 1838 [3].
Syringa vulgaris var. brevilaciniata Jovan. & Vukić., Hortikultura, 1980(1): 15. 11980, nom. inval.
Syringa vulgaris var. caerulea Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 1, 1: 15. 1789.
Syringa vulgaris var. caerulea Weston, Bot. Univ. 1: 289. 1770, nom. superfl.
Syringa vulgaris var. forsythioides Jovan. & Vukić., Hortikultura, 1980(1): 15. 11980, nom. inval.
Syringa vulgaris var. hyacinthoides Jovan. & Vukić., Hortikultura, 1980(1): 15. 11980, nom. inval.
Syringa vulgaris var. lilacina Sweet, Hort. Brit. 272. 1826.
Syringa vulgaris var. macrantha Borbás, Erdesz. Lapok 1882: 883. 1882.
Syringa vulgaris var. parviflora Jovan. & Vukić., Hortikultura, 1980(1): 15. 11980, nom. inval.
Syringa vulgaris var. pulchella Velen., Sitzungsber. Königl. Böhm. Ges. Wiss. Prag, Math.-Naturwiss. Cl. 37: 43. 1893, publ. 1894.
Syringa vulgaris var. purpurea Weston, Bot. Univ. 1: 289. 1770.
Syringa vulgaris var. purpurea Cariot & St.-Lag., Étude Fl., éd. 8, 2: 564. 1889, nom. superfl.
Syringa vulgaris var. regia Cariot & St.-Lag., Étude Fl., éd. 8, 2: 564. 1889.
Syringa vulgaris var. rubra Lodd. ex Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1209. 1838 [4].
Syringa vulgaris var. rubra major Lodd. ex Loudon, Arbor. Frutic. Brit. 2: 1209. 1838 [5].
Syringa vulgaris var. transsilvanica Schur, Enum. Pl. Transsilv. 451. 1866.
Syringa vulgaris var. violacea Sol. ex Aiton, Hort. Kew., ed. 1, 1: 15. 1789.

Hybrids

S. × chinensis
S. × hyacinthiflora
S. × laciniata
S. × persica

References

Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 9.
USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN), Online Database. [6]

Vernacular names
العربية: ليلك شائع
azərbaycanca: Adi yasəmən
башҡортса: Сирень
беларуская: Бэз звычайны
български: Люляк
català: Lilà comú
čeština: Šeřík obecný
Cymraeg: Lelog
dansk: Almindelig Syren
Deutsch: Gemeiner Flieder
English: Common Lilac
Esperanto: Ordinara siringo
español: Lilo
eesti: Harilik sirel
euskara: Lila
فارسی: یاس خوشه‌ای
suomi: Pihasyreeni
français: Lilas commun
Gaeilge: Craobh liathchorcra
hornjoserbsce: Wšědny bozowc
magyar: Közönséges orgona
հայերեն: եղրևանի սովորական
日本語: ライラック
한국어: 라일락
Limburgs: Paprastoji alyva
lietuvių: Paprastoji alyva
norsk bokmål: Syrin
Plattdüütsch: Zirienjen
Nederlands: Sering
norsk nynorsk: Syrin
norsk: Syrin
polski: Lilak pospolity
română: Liliac
русский: Сирень обыкновенная
slovenčina: Orgován obyčajný
slovenščina: Španski bezeg
svenska: Syren
Türkçe: Leylak
українська: Бузок звичайний
中文: 欧丁香

Syringa vulgaris, the lilac or common lilac, is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae, native to the Balkan Peninsula, where it grows on rocky hills.[1][2][3] Grown for its scented flowers in spring, this large shrub or small tree is widely cultivated and has been naturalized in parts of Europe, Asia and North America. It is not regarded as an aggressive species. It is found in the wild in widely scattered sites, usually in the vicinity of past or present human habitations.[4][5][6]
Description

Syringa vulgaris is a large deciduous shrub or multistemmed small tree, growing to 6–7 m (20–23 ft) high. It produces secondary shoots from the base or roots, with stem diameters up to 20 cm (8 in), which in the course of decades may produce a small clonal thicket.[7] The bark is grey to grey-brown, smooth on young stems, longitudinally furrowed, and flaking on older stems. The leaves are simple, 4–12 cm (2–5 in) and 3–8 cm broad, light green to glaucous, oval to cordate, with pinnate leaf venation, a mucronate apex, and an entire margin. They are arranged in opposite pairs or occasionally in whorls of three. The flowers have a tubular base to the corolla 6–10 mm long with an open four-lobed apex 5–8 mm across, usually lilac to mauve, occasionally white. They are arranged in dense, terminal panicles 8–18 cm (3–7 in) long. The fruit is a dry, smooth, brown capsule, 1–2 cm long, splitting in two to release the two-winged seeds.[1][8]
Taxonomy and naming

Syringa vulgaris was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and the description was published in Species Plantarum.[9][10] The Latin specific epithet vulgaris means "common" (in the sense of "widespread").[11]
Garden history

Lilacs—both S. vulgaris and S. × persica the finer, smaller "Persian lilac", now considered a natural hybrid—were introduced into northern European gardens at the end of the 16th century, from Ottoman gardens, not through botanists exploring the Balkan habitats of S. vulgaris.[12] The Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, is generally credited with supplying lilac slips to Carolus Clusius, about 1562. Well-connected botanists, such as the great herbalist John Gerard, soon had the rarity in their gardens: Gerard noted that he had lilacs growing "in very great plenty" in 1597, but lilacs were not mentioned by Shakespeare,[13] and John Loudon was of the opinion that the Persian lilac had been introduced into English gardens by John Tradescant the elder.[14] Tradescant's Continental source for information on the lilac, and perhaps ultimately for the plants, was Pietro Andrea Mattioli, as one can tell from a unique copy of Tradescant's plant list in his Lambeth garden, an adjunct of his Musaeum Tradescantianum; it was printed, though probably not published, in 1634: it lists Lilac Matthioli. That Tradescant's "lilac of Mattioli's" was a white one is shown by Elias Ashmole's manuscript list, Trees found in Mrs Tredescants Ground when it came into my possession (1662):[15] "Syringa alba".

In the American colonies, lilacs were introduced in the 18th century. Peter Collinson, F.R.S., wrote to the Pennsylvania gardener and botanist John Bartram, proposing to send him some, and remarked that John Custis of Virginia had a fine "collection", which Ann Leighton interpreted as signifying common and Persian lilacs, in both purple and white, "the entire range of lilacs possible" at the time.[16]

It is also slowly making its way into the world of bonsai where it is loved for its flowers and multistem features.[17]

Cultivation

The lilac is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks, because of its attractive, sweet-smelling flowers, which appear in early summer just before many of the roses and other summer flowers come into bloom.[18]

In late summer, lilacs can be attacked by powdery mildew, specifically Erysiphe syringae, one of the Erysiphaceae.[19] No fall color is seen and the seed clusters have no aesthetic appeal.

Common lilac tends to flower profusely in alternate years, a habit that can be improved by deadheading the flower clusters after the color has faded and before seeds, few of which are fertile, form. At the same time, twiggy growth on shoots that have flowered more than once or twice can be cut to a strong, outward-growing side shoot.

It is widely naturalised in western and northern Europe.[8] In a sign of its complete naturalization in North America, it has been selected as the state flower of the state of New Hampshire, because it "is symbolic of that hardy character of the men and women of the Granite State".[20] Additional hardiness for Canadian gardens was bred for in a series of S. vulgaris hybrids by Isabella Preston, who introduced many of the later-blooming varieties. Their later-developing flower buds are better protected from late spring frosts. The Syringa × prestoniae hybrids range primarily in the pink and lavender shades.[21]
Cultivars

Most garden plants of S. vulgaris are cultivars, the majority of which do not exceed 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall.[22] Between 1876 and 1927, the nurseryman Victor Lemoine of Nancy, France introduced over 153 named cultivars, many of which are considered classics and still in commerce today. Lemoine's "French lilacs" extended the limited color range to include deeper, more saturated hues, and they also introduced double-flowered "sports", with the stamens replaced by extra petals.
AGM cultivars

In the UK the following cultivars of Syringa vulgaris have received the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

'Andenken an Ludwig Späth' (deep pink/red)[23]
'Esther Staley' (S. × hyacinthiflora - pale lilac flowers)[24]
'Firmament' (pale lilac-blue)[25]
'Katherine Havemeyer' (lilac)[26]
'Madame Lemoine' (white)[27]
'Mrs Edward Harding' (deep pink/red)[28]
'Primrose' (pale yellow flowers)[29]
'Sensation' (purple flowers edged white)[30]
'Vestale' (pure white flowers)[31]

References

Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
Med-Checklist: Syringa vulgaris
Flora Europaea: Syringa vulgaris
Biota of North Idaho America Program, Syringa vulgaris
Altervista Flora Italiana, Syringa vulgaris
Illinois wildflowers, common lilac, Syringa vulgaris
In second-growth woodlands of New England, a thicket of lilac may be the first indication of the cellar-hole of a vanished 19th-century timber-framed farmhouse.
Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2.
International Plant Names Index (IPNI). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew https://www.ipni.org/n/289009-2. Retrieved 27 December 2015. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum (1 ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 9. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for Gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. ISBN 978-1845337315.
The botanic homeland of S. vulgaris was identified in 1828, when naturalist Anton Rocher found truly wild specimens in Balkans .
Their first appearance by name in English print the OED dated to 1625.
Loudon, Arboretum (1838:49), noted in R.T. Gunther, Early British Botanists and their Gardens (Oxford: Frederick Hall) 1922:339.
Written in the endpapers of his copy of John Parkinson's Paradisus, in the Bodleian Library; printed in Gunther 1922:346
Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century (University of Massachusetts Press) 1986:445
D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide for Common Lilac". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Retrieved 2021-02-04.
RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
B. Ing, "An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews", in The Mycologist 5.1 (1990:24–27).
New Hampshire Revised Statute Annotated (RSA) 3:5
"Plant Profiles - Chicago Botanic Garden". www.chicagobotanic.org. Retrieved 25 June 2018.
Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Andenken an Ludwig Späth'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa × hyacinthiflora 'Esther Staley'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Firmament'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Katherine Havemeyer'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Madame Lemoine'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Mrs Edward Harding'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Primrose'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Sensation'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
"Syringa vulgaris 'Vestale'". RHS. Retrieved 5 March 2021.