Adiantum capillus-veneris (*)
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Plantae
Divisio: Tracheophyta
Divisio: Pteridophyta
Classis: Polypodiopsida
Ordo: Polypodiales
Familia: Pteridaceae
Subfamilia: Vittarioideae
Genus: Adiantum
Species: Adiantum capillus-veneris
Name
Adiantum capillus-veneris L., Sp. Pl. 2: 1096 (1753).
Synonyms
Homotypic
Adiantum coriandrifolium Lam., Fl. Franç. 1: 29 (1778), nom. illeg.
Adiantum fontanum Salisb., Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allerton: 404 (1796) nom. illeg.
Adiantum capillus Sw., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1800(2): 83 (1801), nom. superfl.
Adiantum cuneifolium Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. 4: 612 (1812), nom. illeg.
Adiantum capillaceum Dulac, Fl. Hautes-Pyrénées: 36 (1867), nom. illeg.
Heterotypic
Adiantum capillus-veneris f. cristatum Moxley, Amer. Fern J. 9: 27 (1919).
Adiantum tenerum var. dissectum M.Martens & Galeotti, Mém. Foug. Mexique 71 (1842).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. dissectum (M.Martens & Galeotti) T.Moore, Index Fil. 21. 1857.
Adiantum capillus-veneris f. dissectum (M.Martens & Galeotti) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 344 (1957).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. dissectum B.K.Nayar, Bull. Nation. Bot. Gard. (Lucknow) 52 (1): 37 (1962).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. dissectum (B.K.Nayar) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 344 (1957)
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. fissum Christ, Monsunia 1: 66 (1900).
Adiantum capillus-veneris f. fissum (Christ) Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 343 (1957).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. incisum T.Moore, Nature Printed Ferns pl. 45 (1855).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. laciniatum Christ ex Tardieu & C.Chr., Fl. Indo-Chine 7(2): 185–186 (1940).
Adiantum capillus-veneris f. lanyuanum W.C.Shieh, Quart. J. Chin. Forest. 2(1): 165 (1968) (accepted by Hassler, WorldPlants).
Adiantum modestum Underw., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 28: 46 (1901).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. modestum (Underw.) Fernald, Rhodora 52: 206 (1950).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. protrusum Fernald, Rhodora 52: 203 (1950).
Adiantum rimicola Sloss., Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 41(5): 308–309, pl. 7, f. 1 308 (1914).
Adiantum capillus-veneris f. rimicola (Sloss.) Fernald, Rhodora 52: 208 (1950).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. sinuatum Christ, Soc. Bot. France 1: 62 (1905).
Adiantum trifidum Willd. ex Bolle, Bonpl., 3. 121 (1855).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. trifidum (Willd. ex Bolle) Milde,f. Eur.: 30 (1867).
Adiantum capillus-veneris subsp. trifidum (Willd. ex Bolle) Rivas Mart., Lousã, J.C.Costa & Maria C.Duarte, Int. J. Geobot. Res. 7: 21 (2017).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. trifidum Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Geogr. Bot. 11: 224 (1902), nom. illeg.
Adiantum formosum var. leptophyllum Domin, Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni Veg. 9: 551 (1911).
Adiantum marginatum Schrad., Gött. Gel. Anz. 1818: 918 (1818).
Adiantum michelii Christ, Bull. Acad. Int. Géogr. Bot., sér. 3, 20: 12 (1910).
Adiantum paradiseae Baker, Gard. Chron., ser. 3, 6: 558 (1889).
Adiantum pseudocapillus Fée, Mém. Foug., 5. Gen. Filic.: 118 (1852).
Adiantum remyanum Espinosa, Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat., Santiago de Chile 15: 96, pl. 3, pl. 5, g, h (1936).
Adiantum schaffneri E.Fourn., Bull. Soc. Bot. France 27: 328 (1880).
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. kenyense Chiov., Lav. Ist. Bot. Univ. Modena 6: 146 (1935)
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. pinnata Bonap., Notes Ptérid. 4: 78 (1917).
Adiantum coriandrifolium Bernh., J. Bot. (Schrader) 1799(1): 315 (1799), nom. illeg.
Adiantum emarginatum Bory ex Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 5: 449 (1810).
Adiantum formosum J.Rémy ex Gay, Hist. Fis. Pol. Chile Bot. 6: 487 (1853) (non R.Br., nec A.Cunn.)
Adiantum fumarioides Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 5: 452 (1810).
Adiantum lingii Ching, Acta Phytotax. Sin. 6: 341 (1957).
Adiantum maderense Lowe, J. Bot. (Hooker) 1: 26 (1834), nom. inval. anglice, pro syn. [?]
Adiantum moritzianum Link,f. Spec.: 71 (1841).
Adiantum pubescens var. divaricatum Brack., U.S. Expl. Exped., Filic. 16: 99 (1854).
Adiantum repandum Tausch in {aut|Sieber}}, Syn.f. exs. n. 176 (1827)
Adiantum visianii Schloss. & Vuk., Fl. Croat.: 1319 (1869
Adiantum capillus-veneris var. grande Pynaert, Nursery Cat. (Éd. Pynaert - Van Geert) 1890(Suppl.): 4 (1890).
Adiantum diaphanum var. affine (Willd.) Alderw., Malayan Ferns (1908).
Adiantum subemarginatum Christ, Bull. Herb. Boissier, sér. 2, 3: 511 (1903).
Distribution
Native distribution areas:
Continental: Europe
Regional: Northern Europe
Great Britain, Ireland.
Regional: Middle Europe
Belgium, Germany, Netherlands (introduced), Switzerland.
Regional: Southwestern Europe
Baleares, Corse, France, Portugal, Sardegna, Spain.
Regional: Southeastern Europe
Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Italy, Kriti, Sicilia, Turkey-in-Europe, Yugoslavia (Bosnia-Hercegovina, Croatia, Montenegro, Northern Macedonia, Slovienia).
Regional: Eastern Europe
Krym.
Continental: Africa
Regional: Northern Africa
Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia.
Regional: Macaronesia
Azores (Santa Maria, Sao Miguel, Terceira, Faial, Flores), Canary Islands (Lanzarote, Fuerteventura, Gran Canaria, Tenerife, La Gomera, Hierro, La Palma), Cape Verde (Santo Antao, Sao Vicente, Sao Nicolau, Sao Tiago, Fogo, Brava), Madeira (Madeira, Ilhas Desertas, Porto Santo).
Regional: West Tropical Africa
Mali, Mauritania, Nigeria, Niger.
Regional: West-Central Tropical Africa
Zaire.
Regional: Northeast Tropical Africa
Chad, Djibouti, Ethiopia, Socotra, Somalia, Sudan.
Regional: East Tropical Africa
Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda.
Regional: South Tropical Africa
Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Regional: Southern Africa
Botswana, Cape Provinces, Lesotho, Namibia, KwaZulu-Natal, Free State, Swaziland.
Regional: Western Indian Ocean
Comoros, Mauritius, Madagascar, Réunion, Rodrigues.
Continental: Asia-Temperate
Regional: Middle Asia
Kazakhstan, Kirgiztan, Tadzhikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Regional: Caucasus
North Caucasus, Transcaucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Gruziya).
Regional: Western Asia
Afghanistan, Cyprus, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon-Syria (Lebanon, Syria), Palestine (Israel), Sinai, Turkey.
Regional: Arabian Peninsula
Gulf States (Bahrain, United Emirates), Oman, Saudi Arabia, Yemen.
Regional: China
China South-Central, China North-Central, China Southeast, Tibet.
Regional: Eastern Asia
Japan, Korea, Nansei-shoto, Taiwan.
Continental: Asia-Tropical
Regional: Indian Subcontinent
Assam, Bangladesh, East Himalaya (Bhutan), India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, West Himalaya.
Regional: Indo-China
Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam.
Regional: Malesia
Borneo, Lesser Sunda Islands, Malaya, Philippines.
Continental: Australasia
Regional: Australia
New South Wales, Northern Territory, Queensland, South Australia, Victoria, Western Australia.
Continental: Pacific
Regional: Southwestern Pacific
Fiji, New Caledonia, Samoa, Tonga.
Regional: South-Central Pacific
Society Islands, Tubuai Islands.
Regional: North-Central Pacific
Hawaii.
Continental: Northern America
Regional: Western Canada
British Columbia.
Regional: Northwestern U.S.A.
Colorado.
Regional: North-Central U.S.A.
Missouri, Oklahoma, South Dakota.
Regional: Northeastern U.S.A.
New York, Ohio.
Regional: Southwestern U.S.A.
Arizona, California, Nevada, Utah.
Regional: South-Central U.S.A.
New Mexico, Texas.
Regional: Southeastern U.S.A.
Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia.
Regional: Mexico
Mexico Central (Mexico State, Morelos, Puebla, Tlaxcala), Mexico Northeast (Aguascalientes, Coahuila, Chihuahua, Durango, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Tamaulipas, Zacatecas), Mexico Gulf (Veracruz), Mexico Northwest (Baja California Sur, Sinaloa, Sonora), Mexico Southwest (Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacan, Nayarit, Oaxaca), Mexico Southeast (Chiapas).
Continental: Southern America
Regional: Central America
Belize, Guatemala, Honduras.
Regional: Caribbean
Bahamas, Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad-Tobago, Windward Islands (St. Lucia, St. Vincent).
Regional: Northern South America
Venezuela.
Regional: Western South America
Peru.
Regional: Brazil
Brazil Northeast, Brazil Southeast, Brazil North, Brazil South.
Regional: Southern South America
Chile Central, Chile North.
References: Brummitt, R.K. 2001. TDWG – World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions, 2nd Edition
References
Primary references
Linnaeus, C. 1753. Species Plantarum. Tomus II: 1096. Reference page.
Additional references
Paris, C.A. 1993. Adiantum. Pp. 125–130 in Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.), Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. XVI, 475 p., Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-508242-7. efloras Reference page.
Links
Govaerts, R. et al. 2022. Adiantum capillus-veneris in Kew Science Plants of the World online. The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 4. Reference page.
Tropicos.org 2022. Adiantum capillus-veneris. Missouri Botanical Garden. Published online. Accessed: 4 May 2022.
International Plant Names Index. 2022. Adiantum capillus-veneris. Published online. Accessed: 4 May 2022.
Hassler, M. 2022. World Ferns. Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. . Adiantum capillus-veneris Accessed: 4 May 2022.
Hassler, M. 2022. Adiantum capillus-veneris – World Ferns: Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World . In: Roskov Y., Orrell T., Nicolson D., Bailly N., Kirk P.M., Bourgoin T., DeWalt R.E., Decock W., De Wever A., Nieukerken E. van, Zarucchi J. & Penev L. (eds.) 2022. Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life. Published on the internet. Accessed: 2022 May 4.
Euro+Med 2006 onwards: Adiantum capillus-veneris in Euro+Med PlantBase – the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Published online. Accessed: 2022 May 4.
USDA, ARS, Germplasm Resources Information Network. Adiantum capillus-veneris in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service.
Adiantum capillus-veneris in Flora Zambesiaca.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Адыянтум венерын волас
български: Венерин косъм
català: Capil·lera
Deutsch: Frauenhaarfarn
Ελληνικά : Κόμη της Αφροδίτης
English: Maidenhair Fern
suomi: Neidonadiantumi, neidonhiussaniainen
français: Capillaire de Montpellier
עברית: שערות שולמית מצויות
italiano: Capelvenere
Nederlands: Echt venushaar
polski: Niekropień właściwy
Piemontèis: Capiler
русский: Венерин волос
sardu: Fartzia, Filigheddu
српски / srpski: Венерина влас
lea faka-Tonga: ʻUluʻitāupoʻou
українська: Адіант венерин волос
Adiantum capillus-veneris, the Southern maidenhair fern, black maidenhair fern, maidenhair fern,[3] and venus hair fern, is a species of ferns in the genus Adiantum and the family Pteridaceae[4] with a subcosmopolitan worldwide distribution. It is cultivated as a popular garden fern and houseplant.[5]
Distribution
Adiantum capillus-veneris is native to the southern half of the United States from California to the Atlantic coast, through Mexico and Central America, to South America. It is also native to Eurasia, the Levant in Western Asia, and Australasia.[5][6][7] There are two disjunct occurrences in the northern part of North America: at Cascade Springs in the Black Hills of South Dakota and Fairmont Hot Springs, British Columbia. In both instances, the warm microclimate created by hot mineral springs permits the growth of the plant far north of its normal range. It is similar in Zvonce spa resort (Звоначка Бања, Zvonačka Banja), near Pirot in Serbia, where hot mineral springs provide adequate heat and humidity for the survival of this species.[8]
It is found in temperate climates from warm-temperate to tropical, where the moisture content is high but not saturating, in the moist, well-drained sand, loam or limestone of many habitats, including rainforests, shrub and woodlands, broadleaf and coniferous forests, and desert cliff seeps, and springs. It often may be seen growing on moist, sheltered and shaded sandstone or limestone formations, generally south-facing in the southern hemisphere, north-facing in the north, or in gorges.[5] It occurs throughout Africa in moist places by streams.[9] On moist sandstone cliffs it grows in full or partial shade, even when unprotected.[10]
Adiantum capillus-veneris foliage texture.
In limestone cliff seep habitat, Judean Desert, Israel.
Description
Adiantum capillus-veneris grows from 6 to 12 in (15 to 30 cm) in height; its fronds arising in clusters from creeping rhizomes 8 to 27.5 in (20 to 70 cm) tall, with very delicate, light green fronds much subdivided into pinnae 0.2 to 0.4 in (5 to 10 mm) long and broad; the frond rachis is black and wiry.[5][7]
Cultivation
Adiantum capillus-veneris is cultivated and widely available around the world for planting in natural landscape native plants and traditional shade gardens, for outdoor container gardens, and commonly as an indoor houseplant.
Adiantum × mairisii is a winter hardy hybrid of Adiantum capillus-veneris.
As a houseplant, it requires filtered light and very humid conditions. It should be grown in soil rich in organic matter and should be watered frequently but lightly, to keep the roots damp but not drenched. The temperature should not fall below 12 °C (54 °F). Is is propagated by dividing, making sure each clump has a section of rhizome.[11]
Conservation
The fern is listed as an endangered species in North Carolina (as southern maidenhair-fern) and threatened species in Kentucky (as venus hair fern), due to loss of Appalachian habitat.
Uses
This plant is used medicinally by Native Americans. The Mahuna people use the plant internally for rheumatism,[12] and the Navajo people of Kayenta, AZ use an infusion of the plant as a lotion for bumblebee and centipede stings.[13] The Navajo people also smoke it or take it internally to treat mental illness.[13]
In the traditional medicine of Iran, frond infusion of Adiantum capillus-veneris is used for jaundice therapy.[14]
References
Lansdown, R.V. & Bilz, M. (2018). "Adiantum capillus-veneris". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 208. e.T164082A67770327. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T164082A67770327.en.
"NatureServe Explorer 2.0 - Adiantum capillus-veneris Southern Maidenhair Fern". explorer.natureserve.org. Retrieved 9 October 2020.
BSBI List 2007 (xls). Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland. Archived from the original (xls) on 2015-06-26. Retrieved 2014-10-17.
Christenhusz, Maarten J. M.; Zhang, Xian-Chun; Schneider, Harald (2011). "A linear sequence of extant families and genera of lycophytes and ferns" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19: 7–54. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.2.
Wildflower.org-NPIN: Adiantum capillus-veneris (Southern maidenhair fern) . accessed 4.04.2011
The University of the West Indies, Cave Hill
Cundall. P., (2004) Native Plants:The definitive guide to Australian plants, Global Book Publishing Lane Cove, N.S.W, p.298, ISBN 978-1-74048-027-7
"Zaštićeno jedino stanište venerine vlasi u Srbiji" [The Only Habitat of the Venus Hair Fern in Serbia is Now Protected]. Pirotske Vesti (in Serbian). 11 December 2015.
Sim, Thomas Robertson (1915). The Ferns of South Africa. London & Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press.
Roux, J.P. (1979). Cape Peninsula Ferns. Kirstenbosch: National Botanic Gardens of South Africa. ISBN 978-0-620-03775-4.
Chiusoli, Alessandro; Boriani, Luisa Maria (1986). Simon & Schuster's guide to houseplants. New York: Simon and Schuster. ISBN 0671631314.
Romero, John Bruno 1954 The Botanical Lore of the California Indians. New York. Vantage Press, Inc. (p. 60)
Wyman, Leland C. and Stuart K. Harris 1951 The Ethnobotany of the Kayenta Navaho. Albuquerque. The University of New Mexico Press (p. 14)
Tewari, Devesh; Mocan, Andrei; Parvanov, Emil D.; Sah, Archana N.; Nabavi, Seyed M.; Huminiecki, Lukasz; Ma, Zheng Feei; Lee, Yeong Yeh; Horbańczuk, Jarosław O.; Atanasov, Atanas G. (2017). "Ethnopharmacological Approaches for Therapy of Jaundice: Part I". Frontiers in Pharmacology. 8: 518. doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00518. PMC 5559545. PMID 28860989.
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