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In mathematics, the Hahn polynomials are a family of orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme of hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials, introduced by Pafnuty Chebyshev in 1875 (Chebyshev 1907) and rediscovered by Wolfgang Hahn (Hahn 1949). The Hahn class is a name for special cases of Hahn polynomials, including Hahn polynomials, Meixner polynomials, Krawtchouk polynomials, and Charlier polynomials. Sometimes the Hahn class is taken to include limiting cases of these polynomials, in which case it also includes the classical orthogonal polynomials.

Hahn polynomials are defined in terms of generalized hypergeometric functions by

$$Q_n(x;\alpha,\beta,N)= {}_3F_2(-n,-x,n+\alpha+\beta+1;\alpha+1,-N+1;1).\$$

Roelof Koekoek, Peter A. Lesky, and René F. Swarttouw (2010, 14) give a detailed list of their properties.

Closely related polynomials include the dual Hahn polynomials $$R_n(x;γ,δ,N)$$, the continuous Hahn polynomials $$p_n(x,a,b, a, b)$$, and the continuous dual Hahn polynomials $$S_n(x;a,b,c)$$. These polynomials all have q-analogs with an extra parameter q, such as the q-Hahn polynomials $$Q_n(x;α,β, N;q)$$ , and so on.

Orthogonality

$$\sum_{x=0}^{N-1} Q_n(x)Q_m(x)\rho(x)=\frac{1}{\pi_n}\delta_{m,n},$$

$$\sum_{n=0}^{N-1}Q_n(x)Q_n(y)\pi_n=\frac{1}{\rho(x)}\delta_{x,y}$$

where δx,y is the Kronecker delta function and the weight functions are

$$\rho(x)=\rho(x;\alpha;\beta,N)=\binom{\alpha+x}{x}\binom{\beta+N-1-x}{N-1-x}/\binom{N+\alpha+\beta}{N-1}$$

and

$$\pi_n=\pi_n(\alpha,\beta,N)=\binom{N-1}{n}\frac{2n+\alpha+\beta+1}{\alpha+\beta+1} \frac{\Gamma(\beta+1,n+\alpha+1,n+\alpha+\beta+1)}{\Gamma(\alpha+1,\alpha+\beta+1,n+\beta+1,n+1)}/\binom{N+\alpha+\beta+n}{n}.$$

Relation to other polynomials

Racah polynomials are a generalization of Hahn polynomials

References

Chebyshev, P. (1907), "Sur l'interpolation des valeurs équidistantes", in Markoff, A.; Sonin, N., Oeuvres de P. L. Tchebychef 2, pp. 219–242, Reprinted by Chelsea
Hahn, Wolfgang (1949), "Über Orthogonalpolynome, die q-Differenzengleichungen genügen", Mathematische Nachrichten 2: 4–34, doi:10.1002/mana.19490020103, ISSN 0025-584X, MR 0030647
Koekoek, Roelof; Lesky, Peter A.; Swarttouw, René F. (2010), Hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials and their q-analogues, Springer Monographs in Mathematics, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-05014-5, ISBN 978-3-642-05013-8, MR 2656096
Koornwinder, Tom H.; Wong, Roderick S. C.; Koekoek, Roelof; Swarttouw, René F. (2010), "Hahn Class: Definitions", in Olver, Frank W. J.; Lozier, Daniel M.; Boisvert, Ronald F.; Clark, Charles W., NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0521192255, MR 2723248

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