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In mathematics, the Haran diamond theorem gives a general sufficient condition for a separable extension of a Hilbertian field to be Hilbertian.

Statement of the diamond theorem
field diagram of the diamond theorem

Let K be a Hilbertian field and L a separable extension of K. Assume there exist two Galois extensions N and M of K such that L is contained in the compositum NM, but is contained in neither N nor M. Then L is Hilbertian.

The name of the theorem comes from the pictured diagram of fields, and was coined by Jarden.
Some corollaries
Weissauer's theorem

This theorem was firstly proved using non-standard methods by Weissauer. It was reproved by Fried using standard methods. The latter proof led Haran to his diamond theorem.

Weissauer's theorem

Let K be a Hilbertian field, N a Galois extension of K, and L a finite proper extension of N. Then L is Hilbertian.

Proof using the diamond theorem

If L is finite over K, it is Hilbertian; hence we assume that L/K is infinite. Let x be a primitive element for L/N, i.e., L = N(x).

Let M be the Galois closure of K(x). Then all the assumptions of the diamond theorem are satisfied, hence L is Hilbertian.
Haran–Jarden condition

Another, preceding to the diamond theorem, sufficient permanence condition was given by Haran–Jarden: Theorem. Let K be a Hilbertian field and N, M two Galois extensions of K. Assume that neither contains the other. Then their compositum NM is Hilbertian.

This theorem has a very nice consequence: Since the field of rational numbers, Q is Hilbertian (Hilbert's irreducibility theorem), we get that the algebraic closure of Q is not the compositum of two proper Galois extensions.
References

Haran, Dan (1999), "Hilbertian fields under separable algebraic extensions", Inventiones Mathematicae 137 (1): 113–126, doi:10.1007/s002220050325, MR 1702139, Zbl 0933.12003.
Fried, Michael D.; Jarden, Moshe (2008), Field Arithmetic, Ergebnisse der Mathematik und ihrer Grenzgebiete. 3 Folge 11 (3rd revised ed.), Berlin: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-77269-9, MR 2445111, Zbl 1145.12001.

Mathematics Encyclopedia

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