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In the mathematical field of group theory, the Kurosh subgroup theorem describes the algebraic structure of subgroups of free products of groups. The theorem was obtained by Alexander Kurosh, a Russian mathematician, in 1934.[1] Informally, the theorem says that every subgroup of a free product is itself a free product of a free group and of groups conjugate to the subgroups of the factors of the original free product.

History and generalizations

After the original 1934 proof of Kurosh, there were many subsequent proofs of the Kurosh subgroup theorem, including proofs of Kuhn (1952),[2] Mac Lane (1958)[3] and others. The theorem was also generalized for describing subgroups of amalgamated free products and HNN extensions.[4][5] Other generalizations include considering subgroups of free pro-finite products[6] and a version of the Kurosh subgroup theorem for topological groups.[7]

In modern terms, the Kurosh subgroup theorem is a straightforward corollary of the basic structural results of Bass-Serre theory about groups acting on trees.[8]
Statement of the theorem

Let G = AB be the free product of groups A and B and let HG be a subgroup of G. Then there exist a family (Ai)iI of subgroups AiA, a family (Bj)jJ of subgroups BjB, families gi, iI and fj, jJ of elements of G, and a subset XG such that

$$H=F(X)*(*_{i\in I} g_i A_ig_i^{-1})* (*_{j\in J} f_jB_jf_j^{-1}).$$

This means that X freely generates a subgroup of G isomorphic to the free group F(X) with free basis X and that, moreover, giAigi−1, fjBjfj−1 and X generate H in G as a free product of the above form.

There is a generalization of this to the case of free products with arbitrarily many factors.[9] Its formulation is:

If H is a subgroup of ∗i∈IGi = G, then

$$H=F(X)*(*_{j\in J} g_jH_jg_j^{-1}),$$

where XG and J is some index set and gjG and each Hj is a subgroup of some Gi.

Proof using Bass-Serre theory

The Kurosh subgroup theorem easily follows from the basic structural results in Bass–Serre theory, as explained, for example in the book of Cohen (1987)[8]:

Let G = AB and consider G as the fundamental group of a graph of groups Y consisting of a single non-loop edge with the vertex groups A and B and with the trivial edge group. Let X be the Bass-Serre universal covering tree for the graph of groups Y. Since HG also acts on X, consider the quotient graph of groups Z for the action of H on X. The vertex groups of Z are subgroups of G-stabilizers of vertices of X, that is, they are conjugate in G to subgroups of A and B. The edge groups of Z are trivial since the G-stabilizers of edges of X were trivial. By the fundamental theorem of Bass–Serre theory, H is canonically isomorphic to the fundamental group of the graph of groups Z. Since the edge groups of Z are trivial, it follows that H is equal to the free product of the vertex groups of Z and the free group F(X) which is the fundamental group (in the standard topological sense) of the underlying graph Z of Z. This implies the conclusion of the Kurosh subgroup theorem.

HNN extension
Bass-Serre theory
Graph of groups
Geometric group theory

Notes

^ A. G. Kurosh, Die Untergruppen der freien Produkte von beliebigen Gruppen. Mathematische Annalen, vol. 109 (1934), pp. 647-660.
^ H. W. Kuhn. Subgroup theorems for groups presented by generators and relations. Annals of Mathematics (2), vol. 56, (1952), pp. 22-46
^ S. Mac Lane. A proof of the subgroup theorem for free products. Mathematika, vol. 5 (1958), pp. 13-19
^ A. Karrass, and D. Solitar. The subgroups of a free product of two groups with an amalgamated subgroup. Transactions of the American Mathematical Society, vol. 150 (1970), pp. 227-255.
^ A. Karrass, and D. Solitar. Subgroups of HNN groups and groups with one defining relation. Canadian Journal of Mathematics, vol. 23 (1971), pp. 627-643.
^ Zalesskii, Pavel Aleksandrovich (1990). "[Open subgroups of free profinite products over a profinite space of indices]" (in Russian). Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 34 (1): 17–20.
^ P. Nickolas. A Kurosh subgroup theorem for topological groups. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society (3), vol. 42 (1981), no. 3, pp. 461-477
^ a b Daniel Cohen. Combinatorial group theory: a topological approach. London Mathematical Society Student Texts, 14. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1989. ISBN 0-521-34133-7; 0-521-34936-2
^ William S. Massey, Algebraic topology: an introduction. Graduate Texts in Mathematics, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1977, ISBN 0-387-90271-6; pp. 218–225