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Classical electron radius
The classical electron radius, also known as the Lorentz radius or the Thomson scattering length, is based on a classical (i.e. non-quantum) relativistic model of the electron. According to modern understanding, the electron is a point particle with a point charge and no spatial extent. Attempts to model the electron as non-point particle are considered ill-conceived and counter-pedagogic.[1] However, the classical electron radius is calculated as
\( {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{m_{\text{e}}c^{2}}}=2.8179403267(27)\times 10^{-15}{\text{ m}},} \)
where e {\displaystyle e} and m e {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} are the electric charge and the mass of the electron, c {\displaystyle c} is the speed of light, and ε 0 {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{0}} is the permittivity of free space.[2]
This numerical value is larger than the radius of the proton.
In cgs units, this becomes more simply
\( {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}={\frac {e^{2}}{m_{\text{e}}c^{2}}}=2.8179403267(27)\times 10^{-13}{\text{ cm}}} \)
with (to three significant digits)
\( {\displaystyle e=4.80\times 10^{-10}{\text{ esu}},\quad m_{\text{e}}=9.11\times 10^{-28}{\text{ g}},\quad c=3.00\times 10^{8}{\text{ m/s}}.} \)
Derivation
Using classical electrostatics, the energy required to assemble a sphere of constant charge density, of radius \( {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}} \) and charge \( {\displaystyle e} \(is
\( {\displaystyle E={\frac {3}{5}}\,\,{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{r_{\text{e}}}}.} \)
If the charge is on the surface the energy is
\( {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{2}}\,\,{\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{r_{\text{e}}}}.} \)
If the charge has a distribution \( {\displaystyle \rho (r)={\frac {q}{4\pi Rr^{2}}},} \) for r≤R
The energy is: \( {\displaystyle E={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {e^{2}}{r_{\text{e}}}}.} \)
Ignoring the factors 3/5 or 1/2, if this is equated to the relativistic energy of the electron ( \( {\displaystyle E=mc^{2}} \)) and solved for \( {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}} \), the above result is obtained.
In simple terms, the classical electron radius is roughly the size the electron would need to have for its mass to be completely due to its electrostatic potential energy – not taking quantum mechanics into account. We now know that quantum mechanics, indeed quantum field theory, is needed to understand the behavior of electrons at such short distance scales, thus the classical electron radius is no longer regarded as the actual size of an electron. Still, the classical electron radius occurs in modern classical-limit theories involving the electron, such as non-relativistic Thomson scattering and the relativistic Klein–Nishina formula. Also, the classical electron radius is roughly the length scale at which renormalization becomes important in quantum electrodynamics.
The classical electron radius is one of a trio of related units of length, the other two being the Bohr radius \( {\displaystyle a_{0}} \) and the Compton wavelength of the electron \( {\displaystyle \lambda _{\text{e}}} \). The classical electron radius is built from the electron mass \( {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} \), the speed of light \( {\displaystyle c} \) and the electron charge e {\displaystyle e} . The Bohr radius is built from m e {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} , e {\displaystyle e} and Planck's constant \( {\displaystyle h} \) . The Compton wavelength is built from \( {\displaystyle m_{\text{e}}} \), \( {\displaystyle h} \) and \( {\displaystyle c} \) . Any one of these three lengths can be written in terms of any other using the fine structure constant \( {\displaystyle \alpha } \) :
\( {\displaystyle r_{\text{e}}={\alpha \lambda _{\text{e}} \over 2\pi }=\alpha ^{2}a_{0}.} \)
Extrapolating from the initial equation, any charged mass can be imagined to have an 'electromagnetic radius' similar to the electron's classical radius.
\( {\displaystyle r={\frac {1}{4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}}{\frac {q^{2}}{mc^{2}}},} \)
where \( {\displaystyle q} \) is the charge of the object and \( {\displaystyle m} \) is its mass.
See also
Electromagnetic mass
References
Curtis, L.J. (2003). Atomic Structure and Lifetimes: A Conceptual Approach. Cambridge University Press. p. 74. ISBN 0-521-53635-9.
David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Quantum Mechanics, Prentice-Hall, 1995, p. 155. ISBN 0-13-124405-1
CODATA value for the classical electron radius at NIST.
Arthur N. Cox, Ed. "Allen's Astrophysical Quantities", 4th Ed, Springer, 1999.
External links
Length Scales in Physics: the Classical Electron Radius
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Drum mode
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Drum mode
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Drum mode
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Wave function of 1s orbital (real part, 2D-cut, )
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Wave function of 2s orbital (real part, 2D-cut, )
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