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Coulomb's constant, the electric force constant, or the electrostatic constant (denoted ke ) is a proportionality constant in equations relating electric variables and is exactly equal to ke  = 8.9875517873681764×109 N·m2/C2 (i.e. m/F). It was named after the French physicist Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736–1806) who first used it in Coulomb's law.

Value of the constant

Coulomb's constant can be empirically derived as the constant of proportionality in Coulomb's law,

$$\mathbf{F} = k_\text{e}\frac{Qq}{r^2}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r$$

where êr is a unit vector in the r direction. However, its theoretical value can be derived from Gauss' law,

$$\oiint{\scriptstyle S}\mathbf{E} \cdot {\rm d}\mathbf{A} = \frac{Q}{\varepsilon_0}$$

Taking this integral for a sphere, radius r, around a point charge, we note that the electric field points radially outwards at all times and is normal to a differential surface element on the sphere, and is constant for all points equidistant from the point charge.

$$\oiint{\scriptstyle S}\mathbf{E} \cdot {\rm d}\mathbf{A} = |\mathbf{E}|\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r\int_{S} dA = |\mathbf{E}|\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r \times 4\pi r^{2}$$

Noting that E = F/Q for some test charge Q,

$$\mathbf{F} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}\frac{Qq}{r^2}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r = k_\text{e}\frac{Qq}{r^2}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r$$

$$\therefore k_\text{e} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}$$

This exact value of Coulomb's constant ke comes from three of the fundamental, invariant quantities that define free space in the SI system: the speed of light c0 , magnetic permeability μ0 , and electric permittivity ε0 , related by Maxwell as:

$$\frac{1}{\mu_0\varepsilon_0}=c_0^2.$$ \)

Because of the way the SI base unit system made the natural units for electromagnetism, the speed of light in vacuum c0  is 299792458 m⋅s−1, the magnetic permeability μ0  of free space is 4π·10−7 H m−1, and the electric permittivity ε0  of free space is 1 ⁄ (μ0 c20 ) ≈ 8.85418782×10−12 F m−1,[1] so that[2]

\begin{align} k_\text{e} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0}=\frac{c_0^2\mu_0}{4\pi}&=c_0^2\times 10^{-7}\ \mathrm{H\ m}^{-1}\\ &= 8.987\ 551\ 787\ 368\ 176\ 4\times 10^9\ \mathrm{N\ m^2\ C}^{-2}. \end{align}

Use of Coulomb's constant

Coulomb's constant is used in many electric equations, although it is sometimes expressed as the following product of the vacuum permittivity constant:

$$k_\text{e} = \frac{1}{4\pi\varepsilon_0} .$$

Some examples of use of Coulomb's constant are the following:

Coulomb's law:

$$\mathbf{F}=k_\text{e}{Qq\over r^2}\mathbf{\hat{e}}_r.$$

Electric potential energy:

$$U_\text{E}(r) = k_\text{e}\frac{Qq}{r}.$$

Electric field:

$$\mathbf{E} = k_\text{e} \sum_{i=1}^N \frac{Q_i}{r_i^2} \mathbf{\hat{r}}_i.$$