Cicindelinae

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Ecdysozoa
Cladus: Panarthropoda
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Hexapoda
Classis: Insecta
Cladus: Dicondylia
Subclassis: Pterygota
Cladus: Metapterygota
Infraclassis: Neoptera
Cladus: Eumetabola
Cladus: Endopterygota
Superordo: Coleopterida
Ordo: Coleoptera
Subordo: Adephaga

Familia: Carabidae
Subfamilia: Cicindelinae
Tribus (4): Cicindelini - Collyridini - Manticorini - Megacephalini

Overview of genera (111)

Abroscelis – Amblycheila – Aniara – Antennaria – Apteroessa – Archidela – Baloghiella – Bennigsenium – Brasiella – Caledonica – Caledonomorpha – Callytron – Calomera – Calyptoglossa – Cenothyla – Cephalota – Chaetodera – Cheilonycha – Cheiloxya – Cicindela – Collyris – Cratohaerea – Ctenostoma – Cylindera – Darlingtonica – Derocrania – Diastrophella – Dilatotarsa – Distipsidera – Dromica – Dromicoida – Dromochorus – Ellipsoptera – Enantiola – Eucallia – Eunota – Euprosopus – Euryarthron – Eurymorpha – Euzona – Grandopronotalia – Guineica – Habrodera – Habroscelimorpha – Heptodonta – Hypaetha – Iresia – Jansenia – Langea – Leptognatha – Lophyra – Macfarlandia – Manautea – Mantica – Manticora – Megacephala – Megalomma – Metriocheila – Micromentignatha – Microthylax – Myriochila – Naviauxella – Neochila – Neocicindela – Neocollyris – Neolaphyra – Nickerlea – Notospira – Odontocheila – Omus – Opilidia – Opisthencentrus – Orthocindela – Oxycheila – Oxygonia – Oxygoniola – Paraphysodeutera – Pentacomia – Peridexia – Phyllodroma – Physodeutera – Picnochile – Platychile – Pogonostoma – Polyrhanis – Pometon – Prepusa – Probstia – Pronyssa – Pronyssiformia – Prothyma – Prothymidia – Protocollyris – Pseudocollyris – Pseudoxycheila – Rhysopleura – Rhytidophaena – Rivacindela – Ronhuberia – Salpingophora – Socotrana – Stenocosmia – Sumlinia – Tetracha – Therates – Thopeutica – Tricondyla – Vata – Waltherhornia – Zecicindela – †Oxycheilopsis
Name

Cicindelinae Latreille, 1802

Type genus: Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758
Stem: Cicindel-

Synonyms

Cicindelidae Latreille, 1802

References

Bi, W.X. & Wiesner, J. 2021. A new genus and species of tiger beetle, Pseudocollyris shooki (Coleoptera: Cicindeli-dae), from Yunnan, China. Insecta Mundi 0849: 1–4. Full article (PDF). Reference page.
Acal, D.A.P., Wiesner, J., Nuñeza, O.M. & Jaskuła, R. 2021. Tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of Northern Mindanao region (Philippines): checklist, distributional maps, and habitats. ZooKeys 1017: 37–75. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.1017.34500 Open access Reference page.
Cassola, F. 2009: Studies of tiger beetles. CLXXVII. Notes on the tiger beetle fauna of Fiji (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). In: Evenhuis, N.L. & Bickel, D.J. (eds.), Fiji Arthropods XII. Bishop Museum occasional papers, 102: 27–32. PDF
Cassola, F. 2011: Studies of tiger beetles. CXCIV. The tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) from Wallacea and the region of Indo-Australian transitional zone: the present knowledge. Pp. ?-? in: Telnov, D. (ed.) Biodiversity, biogeography and nature conservation in Wallacea and New Guinea, 1. Entomological Society of Latvia, Riga. ISBN 978-9984-9768-4-6 contents [not seen]
Cassola, F.; Werner, K. 2004: A fossil tiger beetle specimen from the Brazilian Mesozoic: Oxycheilopsis cretacicus n. gen., n. sp. (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae). Mitteilungen der Münchner Entomologischen Gesellschaft, 94: 75–82. ISSN: 0340-4943 Internet Archive BHL
Galián, J.; Hogan, J.E.; Vogler, A.P. 2002: The origin of multiple sex chromosomes in tiger beetles. Molecular biology and evolution, 19: 1792–1796.
Latreille, P.A. 1802: Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des Crustacés et des Insectes. Tome 3. F. Dufart, Paris. Internet Archive BHL
McCairns, R.F.; Freitag, R.; Rose, H.A.; McDonald, F.J.D. 1997: Taxonomic revision of the Australian Cicindelidae (Coleoptera), excluding species of Cicindela. Invertebrate taxonomy, 11: 599–687. DOI: 10.1071/IT94011
Pearson, D.L.; Cassola, F. 2005: A quantitative analysis of species descriptions of tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae), from 1758 to 2004, and notes about related developments in biodiversity studies. Coleopterists bulletin, 59: 184–193. DOI: 10.1649/739
Pearson, D.L.; Vogler, A.P. 2001: Tiger beetles: the evolution, ecology, and diversity of the cicindelids. Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
Putchkov, A.; Cassola, F. 2005: Tiger beetles deserve family status in suborder Adephaga (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae). Bulletin de la Societe entomologique de France, 110: 281–293.
Serrano, A.R.M.; Capela, R.A. 2013: The tiger beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelinae) of Angola: a descriptive catalogue and designation of neotypes. Zootaxa 3731(4): 401–444. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3731.4.1 Reference page.
Savill, R.A. 1999: A key to the New Zealand tiger beetles, including distribution, habitat and new synonyms (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae). Records of the Canterbury Museum 13: 129-146. Reference page.
Schüle, P., 2010: Calomera jakli, a new species from Obi Island, Indonesia (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift EZ3 (120)':
Serrano, A.R.M., Capela, R.A. & Oesterle, A. 2015. Three new species of tiger beetles and new data on Cicindelina species from Angola (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Cicindelinae). Zootaxa 4032(2): 151–178. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4032.2.1. Preview (PDF) Reference page.
Werner, K. & J. Wiesner, 2008: New records of Tiger Beetles from India with description of new taxa (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae). Entomologische Zeitschrift 118 (1): 15–18. Full article: [1].

Additional references

Assmann, T., Boutaud, E., Buse, J., Gebert, J., Drees, C., Friedman, A-L-L., Khoury, F., Marcus, T., Orbach, E., Renan, I., Schmidt, C. & Zumstein, P. 2018. The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae) of the southern Levant: from cybertaxonomy to conservation biolog. ZooKeys 734: 43–103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.734.21989. Reference page.
Matalin, A.V. & Chikatunov, V.I. 2016. The tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelinae) of Israel and adjacent lands. ZooKeys 578: 115–160. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.578.7383.Reference page.
Rodriguez-Flores, P., Gutierrez-Rodriguez, J., Aguirre-Ruiz, E.F. & Garcia-Paris, M. 2016. Salt lakes of La Mancha (Central Spain): A hot spot for tiger beetle (Carabidae, Cicindelinae) species diversity. ZooKeys 561: 63-103. DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.561.6042.Reference page.
Roza, A.S. & Mermudes, J.R.M. 2017. Tiger Beetles’ (Coleoptera: Carabidae, Cicindelinae) pupal stage: current state of knowledge and future perspectives. Zootaxa 4226(3): 348–358. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4226.3.2. Paywall. Reference page.

Links

Carabidae of the World
Cicindelinae Latreille, 1802 – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).
Cicindelinae – Taxon details on National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).
EOL: Cicindelinae

Vernacular names
čeština: Svižníci
dansk: Sandspringere
Deutsch: Sandlaufkäfer
English: tiger beetles
français: Cicindèles
magyar: Homokfutrinkák
italiano: Cicindela
日本語: ハンミョウ亜科
한국어: 길앞잡이아과
lietuvių: Šokliai
македонски: Песочници
Nederlands: Zandloopkevers
norsk: Sandjegere
polski: Trzyszczowate
português: Cicindela
română: Cicindelinae
русский: Скакуны
svenska: Sandjägare
中文: 虎甲蟲亞科

Tiger beetles are a large group of beetles, from the Cicindelinae subfamily, known for their aggressive predatory habits and running speed. The fastest known species of tiger beetle, Rivacindela hudsoni, can run at a speed of 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), or about 125 body lengths per second.[1] As of 2005, about 2,600 species and subspecies were known, with the richest diversity in the Oriental (Indo-Malayan) region, followed by the Neotropics.[2]

Description

Tiger beetles often have large bulging eyes, long, slender legs and large curved mandibles. All are predatory, both as adults and as larvae. The genus Cicindela has a cosmopolitan distribution. Other well-known genera include Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora. While members of the genus Cicindela are usually diurnal and may be out on the hottest days, Tetracha, Omus, Amblycheila and Manticora are all nocturnal. Both Cicindela and Tetracha are often brightly colored, while the other genera mentioned are usually uniform black in color. Tiger beetles in the genus Manticora are the largest in size of the subfamily. These live primarily in the dry regions of southern Africa.

The larvae of tiger beetles live in cylindrical burrows as much as a meter deep. They are large-headed, hump-backed grubs and use their humpbacks to flip backwards, for the purpose of capturing prey insects that wander over the ground. The fast-moving adults run down their prey and are extremely fast on the wing, their reaction times being of the same order as that of common houseflies. Some tiger beetles in the tropics are arboreal, but most run on the surface of the ground. They live along sea and lake shores, on sand dunes, around playa lakebeds and on clay banks or woodland paths, being particularly fond of sandy surfaces.[3]

Tiger beetles are considered a good indicator species and have been used in ecological studies on biodiversity. Several species of wingless parasitic wasps in the genus Methocha (family Thynnidae), lay their eggs on larvae of various Cicindela spp., such as Cicindela dorsalis.[4]
Adaptations

Tiger beetles display an unusual form of pursuit in which they alternatively sprint quickly toward their prey, then stop and visually reorient. This may be because while running, the beetle is moving too fast for its visual system to accurately process images.[1] To avoid obstacles while running they hold their antennae rigidly and directly in front of them to mechanically sense their environment.[5]
Fossil record

The oldest fossil tiger beetle yet found, Cretotetracha grandis, comes from the Yixian Formation in Inner Mongolia, China, and dates to the early Cretaceous Period, 125 million years ago. Most fossils found are grey or yellow silty mudstone.[6] Traits that identify Cretotetracha as Cicindelinae include long mandibles shaped like sickles, simple teeth arranged along the mandible's inner surface, antennae that attach to the head between the base of the mandibles and the eye. The left mandible is approximately 3.3 mm and the right mandible is approximately 4.2mm long. A long body form roughly around 8.1mm where the combined eyes and head are wider than the thorax, and long running legs.[6] Previously known Mesozoic fossils of tiger beetles have been described from the Crato Formation, about 113 million years ago[6] and Oxycheilopsis cretacicus from the Santana Formation, 112 million years ago,[7] both in Brazil.
Taxonomy

Tiger beetles were traditionally classified as the family Cicindelidae but most authorities now treat them as the subfamily Cicindelinae of the Carabidae (ground beetles). The most recent classifications, however, have relegated them to a monophyletic subgroup within the subfamily Carabinae, though this is not yet universally accepted. Accordingly, there is no consensus classification for this group, at any level from family down to subspecies, and it can be exceedingly difficult to decipher the taxonomic literature surrounding this group. Many genera are the result of the splitting of the large genus Cicindela, and many were described by the German entomologist Walther Horn.

Genera

Abroscelis Hope, 1838
Amblycheila Say, 1829
Aniara Hope, 1838
Antennaria Dokhtouroff, 1883
Apteroessa Hope, 1838
Archidela Rivalier, 1963
Baloghiella Mandl, 1981
Bennigsenium W. Horn, 1897
Brasiella Rivalier, 1954
Caledonica Chaudoir, 1860
Caledonomorpha W. Horn, 1897
Callidema Guerin-Meneville, 1843
Callytron Gistl, 1848
Calomera Motschulsky, 1862
Calyptoglossa Jeannel, 1946
Cenothyla Rivalier, 1969
Cephalota Dokhtouroff, 1883
Chaetodera Jeannel, 1946
Cheilonycha Lacordaire, 1843
Cheiloxya Guerin-Meneville, 1855
Cicindela Linnaeus, 1758
Collyris Fabricius, 1801
Cratohaerea Chaudoir, 1850
†Cretotetracha Zhao et al., 2019
Ctenostoma Klug, 1821
Cylindera Westwood, 1831
Darlingtonica Cassola, 1986
Derocrania Chaudoir, 1860
Diastrophella Rivalier, 1957
Dilatotarsa Dokhtouroff, 1882
Distipsidera Westwood, 1837
Dromica Dejean, 1826
Dromicoida Werner, 1995
Dromochorus Guerin-Meneville, 1845
Ellipsoptera Dokhtouroff, 1883
Enantiola Rivalier, 1961
Eunota Rivalier, 1954
Euprosopus Dejean, 1825
Euryarthron Guerin-Meneville, 1849
Eurymorpha Hope, 1838
Euzona Rivalier, 1963
Grammognatha Motschulsky, 1850
Grandopronotalia W. Horn, 1936
Guineica Rivalier, 1963
Habrodera Motschulsky, 1862
Habroscelimorpha Dokhtouroff, 1883
Heptodonta Hope, 1838
Hypaetha Leconte, 1860
Iresia Dejean, 1831
Jansenia Chaudoir, 1865
Langea W. Horn, 1901
Leptognatha Rivalier, 1963
Lophyra Motschulsky, 1859
Macfarlandia Sumlin, 1981
Manautea Deuve, 2006
Mantica Kolbe, 1896
Manticora Fabricius, 1781
Megacephala Latreille, 1802
Megalomma Westwood, 1842
Metriocheila Thomson, 1857
Micromentignatha Sumlin, 1981
Microthylax Rivalier, 1954
Myriochila Motschulsky, 1862
Naviauxella Cassola, 1988
Neochila Basilewsky, 1953
Neocicindela Rivalier, 1963
Neocollyris W. Horn, 1901
Neolaphyra Bedel, 1895
Nickerlea W. Horn, 1899
Notospira Rivalier, 1961
Odontocheila Laporte, 1834
Omus Eschscholtz, 1829
Opilidia Rivalier, 1954
Opisthencentrus W. Horn, 1893
Orthocindela Rivalier, 1972
Oxycheila Dejean, 1825
†Oxycheilopsis Cassola & Werner, 2004
Oxygonia Mannerheim, 1837
Oxygoniola W. Horn, 1892
Paraphysodeutera J. Moravec, 2002
Pentacomia Bates, 1872
Peridexia Chaudoir, 1860
Phaeoxantha Chaudoir, 1850
Phyllodroma Lacordaire, 1843
Physodeutera Lacordaire, 1843
Picnochile Motschulsky, 1856
Platychile Macleay, 1825
Pogonostoma Klug, 1835
Polyrhanis Rivalier, 1963
Pometon Fleutiaux, 1899
Prepusa Chaudoir, 1850
Probstia Cassola, 2002
Pronyssa Bates, 1874
Pronyssiformia W. Horn, 1929
Prothyma Hope, 1838
Prothymidia Rivalier, 1957
Protocollyris Mandl, 1975
Pseudotetracha Fleutiaux, 1894
Pseudoxycheila Guerin-Meneville, 1839
Rhysopleura Sloane, 1906
Rhytidophaena Bates, 1891
Rivacindela Nidek, 1973
Ronhuberia J. Moravec & Kudrna, 2002
Salpingophora Rivalier, 1950
Socotrana Cassola & Wranik, 1998
Stenocosmia Rivalier, 1965
Sumlinia Cassola & Werner, 2001
Tetracha Hope, 1838
Therates Latreille, 1816
Thopeutica Schaum, 1861
Tricondyla Latreille, 1822
Vata Fauvel, 1903
Waltherhornia Olsoufieff, 1934

Citations

Friedlander, Blaine (1998-01-16). "Cornell News, Jan. 16, 1998 When tiger beetles chase prey at high speeds they go blind temporarily, Cornell entomologists learn". News.cornell.edu. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
Pearson, D.L. & F. Cassola, 2005
Werner, K. 2000
Burdick, D.J. and Wasbauer, M.S. (1959). "Biology of Methocha californica Westwood (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae)." Wasmann Jour. Biol. 17:75-88. Department of Environmental Conservation
"Blinded by speed, tiger beetles use antennae to 'see' while running". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-10-26.
Zhao, Xiangdong; Zhao, Xianye; Chen, Lei; Wang, Bo (2019). "The earliest tiger beetle from the Lower Cretaceous of China (Coleoptera: Cicindelinae)". Cretaceous Research. 94: 147–151. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2018.10.019.

Gough, Harlan M.; Duran, Daniel P.; Kawahara, Akito Y.; Toussaint, Emmanuel F.A. (2018). "A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of tiger beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cicindelinae)". Systematic Entomology. 44 (2): 1–17. doi:10.1111/syen.12324. S2CID 54046862.

General and cited references

"Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)" by Peter Schüle. Entomologia Africana 15(2), 2010.
The Tiger beetles of Africa by Karl Werner, Taita Publishers 2000.
"A Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera Cicindelidae), from 1758 to 2004, and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies" by D.L. Pearson and F. Cassola. The Coleopterists Bulletin Vol 59, no. 2, June 2005.
Tiger Beetles of Alberta: Killers on the Clay, Stalkers on the Sand by John Acorn. University of Alberta Press, 2001.
Tiger Beetles: The Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity of the Cicindelids by David L. Pearson and Alfried P. Vogler. Cornell University Press, 2001.
A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada by David L. Pearson, C. Barry Knisley and Charles J. Kazilek. Oxford University Press, 2005.
The Beetles of the World, volume 13, volume 15, volume 18, and 20 volume 20 by Karl Werner, Sciences Nat, Venette, 1991, 1992, 1993 & 1995.