Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Batrachomorpha
Classis: Amphibia
Subclassis: Lissamphibia
Superordo: Batrachia
Cladus: Salientia
Ordo: Anura
Familia: Microhylidae
Subfamiliae: Adelastinae – Asterophryinae - Cophylinae - Dyscophinae - Gastrophryninae - Hoplophryninae - Kalophryninae - Melanobatrachinae - Microhylinae - Otophryninae - Phrynomerinae - Scaphiophryninae
Adelastes - Altigius - Arcovomer - Gastrophrynoides - Hyophryne - Melanophryne - Myersiella - Phrynella - Relictivomer - Stereocyclops - Synapturanus - Syncope
Name
Microhylidae Günther, 1858
Type genus: Microhyla Tschudi, 1838
Synonyms
Hylaedactyli Fitzinger, 1843
Gastrophrynae Fitzinger, 1843
Hylaedactylidae — Bonaparte, 1850
Hylaedactylina — Bonaparte, 1850
Micrhylidae Günther, 1858
Michrylidae — Fatio, 1872
Hylaedactylida — Knauer, 1883
Engystomatidarum Boulenger, 1887
Gastrophrynidae — Metcalf, 1923
Gastrophryninae — Metcalf, 1923
Kalophryninae — Noble, 1931
Microhylinae — Noble, 1931
Cacopinae Noble, 1931
Kaloulinae Noble, 1931
Kaloulidae — Parker, 1934
Microhylidae — Parker, 1934
Microhyloidea — Laurent, 1967
Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn
Microhyloidae — Dubois, 1992
Gastrophrynini — Dubois, 2005
Microhylini — Dubois, 2005
References
Anstis, M. et al. 2011: Direct development in some Australopapuan microhylid frogs of the genera Austrochaperina, Cophixalus and Oreophryne (Anura: Microhylidae) from northern Australia and Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa, 3052: 1–50. Preview
Günther, 1858, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1858: 346.
Wassersug, R. & Pyburn, W.P. 1987. The biology of the Pe-ret' toad, Otophryne robusta (Microhylidae), with special consideration of its fossorial larva and systematic relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 91(2): 137–169. DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1987.tb01726.x Paywall Reference page.
Amphibian Species of the World 5.1 Microhylidae access date 12 June 2008
Taucce, P.P.G., Costa-Campos, C.E., Carvalho, T.R. de & Michalski, F. 2022. Anurans (Amphibia: Anura) of the Brazilian state of Amapá, eastern Amazonia: species diversity and knowledge gaps. European Journal of Taxonomy 836(1): 96–130. DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2022.836.1919 Open access Reference page. [as Microhylidae p. 118–119]
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Engmaulfrösche
English: Narrow-mouthed Toads
日本語: ヒメアマガエル科
한국어: 맹꽁이과
ไทย: อึ่ง, อึ่งอ่าง
The Microhylidae, commonly known as narrow-mouthed frogs, are a geographically widespread family of frogs. The 683 species are in 57 genera and 11 subfamilies.[2]
Evolution
A molecular phylogenetic study by van der Meijden, et al. (2007) has estimated the initial internal divergence of the family Microhylidae to have taken place about 66 million years ago, or immediately after the Cretaceous extinction event.[1] The most recent common ancestor of the Microhylidae and their closest ranoid relatives is estimated to have lived 116 million years ago in Gondwana.[1]
Description
As suggested by their name, microhylids are mostly small frogs. Many species are below 1.5 cm (0.59 in) in length, although some species are as large as 9 cm (3.5 in).[3] They can be arboreal or terrestrial, and some even live close to water. The ground-dwellers are often found under leaf litter within forests, occasionally venturing out at night to hunt. The two main shapes for the microhylids are wide bodies and narrow mouths and normal frog proportions. Those with narrow mouths generally eat termites and ants, and the others have diets typical of most frogs. Egg-laying habits are highly varied.
Reproduction
The microhylids of New Guinea and Australia completely bypass the tadpole stage, with direct development from egg to frog. The arboreal species can therefore lay the eggs within the trees, and never need venture to the ground. Where species do have tadpoles, these almost always lack the teeth or horny beaks typical of the tadpoles of other families.[3]
Anatomy
The skull has paired palatines and frontoparietals. The facial nerve passes through the anterior acoustic foramen in the auditory capsule; the trigeminal and facial nerve ganglia are fused to form a prootic ganglion. The eight (or seven) presacral holochordal vertebrae are all procoelous except for a biconcave surface on last presacral. The pectoral girdle is firmisternal and some show reduced clavicle and procoracoids. The terminal phalanges are blunt, pointed, or T-shaped. The tadpole lacks keratinized mouth parts and has a large spiracular chamber emptied by a caudomedial spiracle.[4]
Taxonomy
subfamily Adelastinae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
genus Adelastes Zweifel, 1986
subfamily Asterophryinae Günther, 1858
genus Aphantophryne Fry, 1917
genus Asterophrys Tschudi, 1838
genus Austrochaperina Fry, 1912
Paedophryne amanuensis
genus Barygenys Parker, 1936
genus Callulops Boulenger, 1888
genus Choerophryne Van Kampen, 1914
genus Cophixalus Boettger, 1892
genus Copiula Méhely, 1901
genus Gastrophrynoides Noble, 1926
genus Hylophorbus Macleay, 1878
genus Mantophryne Boulenger, 1897
genus Oninia Günther, Stelbrink & von Rintelen, 2010
genus Oreophryne Boettger, 1895
genus Paedophryne Kraus, 2010
genus Siamophryne Suwannapoom, Sumontha, Tunprasert, Ruangsuwan, Pawangkhanant, Korost, and Poyarkov, 2018
genus Sphenophryne Peters & Doria, 1878
genus Vietnamophryne Poyarkov, Suwannapoom, Pawangkhanant, Aksornneam, Duong, Korost and Che, 2018
genus Xenorhina Peters, 1863
subfamily Chaperininae Peloso, Frost, Richards, Rodrigues, Donnellan, Matsui, Raxworthy, Biju, Lemmon, Lemmon, & Wheeler, 2015
Mantophryne insignis
genus Chaperina Mocquard, 1892
subfamily Cophylinae Cope, 1889
genus Anilany Scherz, Vences, Rakotoarison, Andreone, Köhler, Glaw, and Crottini, 2016
genus Anodonthyla Müller, 1892
genus Cophyla Boettger, 1880
Chiasmocleis hudsoni
genus Madecassophryne Guibé, 1974
genus Mini Scherz, Hutter, Rakotoarison, Riemann, Rödel, Ndriantsoa, Glos, Roberts, Crottini, Vences & Glaw, 2019
genus Plethodontohyla Boulenger, 1882
genus Rhombophryne Boettger, 1880
genus Stumpffia Botteger, 1881
subfamily Dyscophinae Boulenger, 1882
genus Dyscophus Grandidier, 1872
subfamily Gastrophryninae Fitzinger, 1843
genus Arcovomer Carvalho, 1954
Elachistocleis helianneae
genus Chiasmocleis Méhely, 1904
genus Ctenophryne Mocquard, 1904
genus Dasypops Miranda-Ribeiro, 1924
genus Dermatonotus Méhely, 1904
genus Elachistocleis Parker, 1927
genus Gastrophryne Fitzinger, 1843
genus Hamptophryne Carvalho, 1954
genus Hypopachus Keferstein, 1867
genus Myersiella Carvalho, 1954
Kaloula pulchra
genus Stereocyclops Cope, 1870
subfamily Hoplophryninae Noble, 1931
genus Hoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
genus Parhoplophryne Barbour & Loveridge, 1928
subfamily Kalophryninae Mivart, 1869
genus Kalophrynus Tschudi, 1838
subfamily Melanobatrachinae Noble, 1931
Melanobatrachus indicus
genus Melanobatrachus Beddome, 1878
subfamily Microhylinae Günther, 1858
genus Glyphoglossus Gunther, 1869 "1868"
genus Kaloula Gray, 1831
genus Metaphrynella Parker, 1934
genus Microhyla Tschudi, 1838
genus Micryletta Dubois, 1987
genus Mysticellus Sonali & Biju, 2019
Scaphiophryne gottlebei
genus Nanohyla Gorin, Scherz, Korost & Poyarkov, 2021[5]
genus Phrynella Boulenger, 1887
genus Uperodon Duméril & Bibron, 1841
subfamily Otophryninae Wassersug & Pyburn, 1987
genus Otophryne Boulenger, 1900
genus Synapturanus Carvalho, 1954
subfamily Phrynomerinae Noble, 1931
genus Phrynomantis Peters, 1867
subfamily Scaphiophryninae Laurent, 1946
genus Paradoxophyla Blommers-Schlösser & Blanc, 1991
genus Scaphiophryne Boulenger, 1882
Range
Frogs from the Microhylidae occur throughout the tropical and warm temperate regions of North America, South America, Africa, eastern India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, New Guinea, and Australia. Although most are found in tropical or subtropical regions, a few species can be found in arid or nontropical areas. They are the majority of frog species in New Guinea and Madagascar.
The ranges of each subfamily are:[6]
Hoplophryninae: Africa
Scaphiophryninae: Madagascar
Dyscophinae: Madagascar
Microhylinae: Southeast Asia, East Asia, South Asia
Asterophryinae: Australia, New Guinea
Phrynomerinae: Africa
Kalophryninae: Southeast Asia
Otophyninae: South America
Cophylinae: Madagascar
Gastrophryninae: New World
Melanobatrachinae: South Asia
Chaperininae: Southeast Asia
Adelastinae: South America
References
van der Meijden, A., M. Vences, S. Hoegg, R. Boistel, A. Channing, and A. Meyer. 2007. Nuclear gene phylogeny of narrow-mouthed toads (family: Microhylidae) and a discussion of competing hypotheses concerning their biogeographical origins. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 44(3):1017–1030. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.02.008
Amphibiaweb. "Microhylidae". Amphibiaweb. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
Zweifel, Robert G. (1998). Cogger, H.G.; Zweifel, R.G. (eds.). Encyclopedia of Reptiles and Amphibians. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 102–103. ISBN 0-12-178560-2.
Caldwell, George R. Zug; Laurie J. Vitt; Janalee P. (2001). Herpetology : an introductory biology of amphibians and reptiles (2. ed.). San Diego [u.a.]: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-782622-X.
Gorin, Vladislav A.; Scherz, Mark D.; Korost, Dmitriy V.; Poyarkov, Nikolay A. (2021-12-01). "Consequences of parallel miniaturisation in Microhylinae (Anura, Microhylidae), with the description of a new genus of diminutive South East Asian frogs". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 97 (1): 21–54. doi:10.3897/zse.97.57968. ISSN 1860-0743.
De Sá, R. O., Streicher, J. W., Sekonyela, R., Forlani, M. C., Loader, S. P., Greenbaum, E., Richards, S., Haddad, C. F. B. (2012). Molecular phylogeny of microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae) with emphasis on relationships among New World genera. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, 241. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-12-241
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