Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Craniata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Classis: Reptilia
Cladus: Eureptilia
Cladus: Romeriida
Subclassis: Diapsida
Cladus: Sauria
Infraclassis: Archosauromorpha
Cladus: Crurotarsi
Divisio: Archosauria
Subsectio: Ornithodira
Subtaxon: Dinosauromorpha
Cladus: Dinosauria
Ordo: Saurischia
Cladus: Theropoda
Cladus: Neotheropoda
Infraclassis: Aves
Ordo: Passeriformes
Subordo: Tyranni
Infraordo: Tyrannides
Parvordo: Tyrannida
Familia: Tyrannidae
Genus: Elaenia
Species: E. albiceps – E. brachyptera – E. chilensis – E. chiriquensis - E. cristata - E. dayi - E. fallax - E. flavogaster - E. frantzii - E. gigas - E. martinica - E. mesoleuca – E. obscura – E. olivina – E. pallatangae – E. parvirostri – E. pelzelni – E. ridleyana – E. ruficeps – E. sordida – E. spectabilis – E. strepera
Name
Elaenia Sundevall, 1836
Typus: Pipra flavogaster Thunberg, 1822 = Elaenia flavogaster
Synonyms
Elania (emend.) G.R. Gray, 1840 ListGen.Birds p. 33
Elaenea (emend.) Cabanis, 1847 Arch.Naturgesch. p. 250
Elaïnia (emend.) Reichenbach, 1850 Av.Syst.Nat pl. 65
Elaïnea (emend.) Cabanis & Heine, 1860 Mus.Hein. p. 59
Eloenia [variation]
Elana [variation]
References
Primary references
Sundevall, C.J. 1835. Ornithologiskt System. Kungliga Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar ["Documents of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences"] Ser. 3, t. 23: 43–130. BHL Reference page. Original description p. 89 BHL
Additional references
Rheindt, F. E., Christidis, L., & Norman, J.A. 2008a. Habitat shifts in the evolutionary history of a Neotropical flycatcher lineage from forest and open landscapes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 8: 193 (18 pp.). DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-8-193 Full article viewReference page.
Rheindt, F.E., Norman, J.A. & Christidis, L. 2008. Phylogenetic relationships of tyrant-flycatchers (Aves: Tyrannidae), with an emphasis on the elaeniine assemblage. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 46(1): 88–101. DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.011 Reference page.
Rheindt, F. E., Christidis, L., & Norman, J.A. 2009. Genetic introgression, incomplete lineage sorting and faulty taxonomy create multiple cases of polyphyly in a montane clade of tyrant-flycatchers (Elaenia, Tyrannidae). Zoologica Scripta 38: 143-153. DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00369.x Abstract Reference page.
Rheindt, F.E., Krabbe, N., Wee, A.K.S. & Christidis, L. 2015. Cryptic speciation in the Lesser Elaenia Elaenia chiriquensis (Aves: Passeriformes: Tyrannidae). Zootaxa 4032(3): 251–263. DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4032.3.1. Full article (PDF) Reference page.
Tang, Q., Edwards, S.V. & Rheindt, F.E. 2018. Rapid diversification and hybridization have shaped the dynamic history of the genus Elaenia. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 127: 522-533. Full article (PDF) DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2018.05.008 Reference page.
Vernacular names
English: Elaenias
español: Fiofíos
português: Guaracavas
Elaenia is a genus of passerine birds in the tyrant flycatcher family which occur in Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Except by voice, specific identification is often difficult since many species are very similar.
Elaenia flycatchers are typically brownish, greyish or olive above, and off-white and/or pale yellow on the belly, with a white or pale yellowish eye-ring of variable strength and two or three wing bars. Some species show a crest; often with a semi-concealed white patch/streak.
Taxonomy
The genus Elaenia was introduced by the Swedish zoologist Carl Jakob Sundevall in 1836.[1] The type species was subsequently designated as the yellow-bellied elaenia.[2] The name of the genus is from the Ancient Greek ελαινεος elaineos "of olive-oil" or "oleaginous".[3]
The genus contains 22 species:[4]
Yellow-bellied elaenia, Elaenia flavogaster
Caribbean elaenia, Elaenia martinica
Large elaenia, Elaenia spectabilis
Noronha elaenia, Elaenia ridleyana
White-crested elaenia, Elaenia albiceps
Chilean elaenia, Elaenia chilensis
Small-billed elaenia, Elaenia parvirostris
Olivaceous elaenia, Elaenia mesoleuca
Slaty elaenia, Elaenia strepera
Mottle-backed elaenia, Elaenia gigas
Brownish elaenia, Elaenia pelzelni
Plain-crested elaenia, Elaenia cristata
Lesser elaenia, Elaenia chiriquensis
Coopman's elaenia, Elaenia brachyptera
Rufous-crowned elaenia, Elaenia ruficeps
Mountain elaenia, Elaenia frantzii
Highland elaenia, Elaenia obscura
Small-headed elaenia, Elaenia sordida
Great elaenia, Elaenia dayi
Sierran elaenia, Elaenia pallatangae
Tepui elaenia, Elaenia olivina
Greater Antillean elaenia, Elaenia fallax
See also
Myiopagis, another genus of tyrant flycatchers commonly known as elaenias
References
Sundevall, Carl Jakob (1836). "Elaenia". Kungl. Svenska vetenskapsakademiens handlingar. series 3 (in Latin). 23: 89.
Traylor, Melvin A. Jr, ed. (1979). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 8. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. pp. 26–27.
Jobling, J.A. (2018). del Hoyo, J.; Elliott, A.; Sargatal, J.; Christie, D.A.; de Juana, E. (eds.). "Key to Scientific Names in Ornithology". Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx Edicions. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Gill, Frank; Donsker, David, eds. (2018). "Tyrant flycatchers". World Bird List Version 8.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 1 July 2018.
Hilty, Steven L. (2003): Birds of Venezuela. Christopher Helm, London. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5
Stiles, F. Gary & Skutch, Alexander Frank (1989): A guide to the birds of Costa Rica. Comistock, Ithaca. ISBN 0-8014-9600-4
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