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Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Subordo: Cynodontia
Infraordo: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Laurasiatheria
Cladus: Ferae
Ordo: Carnivora
Subordo: Caniformia
Infraordo: Arctoidea
Cladus: Pan-Pinnipedia
Cladus: Pinnipedimorpha
Cladus: Pinnipediformes
Parvordo: Pinnipedia
Superfamilia: Otarioidea

Familia: Otariidae
Genus: Arctocephalus
Species: A. australis - A. forsteri - A. galapagoensis - A. gazella - A. philippii - A. pusillus - A. townsendi - A. tropicalis

Name

Arctocephalus E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire & F. Cuvier, 1826

Type species: "Phoca ursina" (= Phoca pusilla Schreber, 1775; not Phoca ursina Linnaeus, 1758) (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature, 2000).
Synonyms

Arctophoca Peters, 1866
Euotaria Gray, 1866
Gypsophoca Gray, 1866
Halarctus Gill, 1866

References

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, É., and F. Cuvier, 1826. Phoque. Dictionnaie des Sciences Naturelles dan lequel on traite méthodiquement des différens ètres de la nature, considérés soit en eux-mèmes, d’après l’état actuel de nos connoissances, soit relativement, à l’utillité qu’en pruvent retires la médecine, l’agriculture, le commerce et les arts (F. Cuvier, ed.). F. G. Levrault, Strasberg; Le Normant, Paris, France 39: 554.
Peters, W. 1866. Uber die Ohrenrobben (Seelöwen and Seebären), Otaria, insbesondere über die in den Sammlungen zu Berlin befindlichen Arten. Monatsberichte der Königlichen Preussischen Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1866: 276.
Gray, J. E. 1866. Notes on the skulls of sea bears and sea lions (Otariidae) in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 18: 236.
Gill, T. 1866. Prodome of a monograph of the pinnipedes. Proceedings Essex Institute, Salem Communications, 5: 7.

Links

Arctocephalus in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
Arctocephalus É. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and F. Cuvier, 1826 – Taxon details on Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS).

Vernacular names

The genus Arctocephalus consists of the southern fur seals. Arctocephalus translates to "bear head."
Taxonomy

The number of species within the genus has been questioned, primarily based on limited molecular data. The issue is complicated because some of the species are able to produce fertile hybrids. A recent review recommended the retention of seven species, deprecating the New Zealand fur seals to a subspecies of the South American fur seal, while also questioning the status of the Guadalupe fur seal.[2] Other recent studies have indicated the genus may be paraphyletic, and some taxonomic reshuffling was previously done to account for this; however, more recent studies support it being monophyletic, with the alleged paraphyly being a consequence of incomplete lineage sorting.[3][4]
Extant Species

Image Name Distribution
091130 rosita bay south georgia 2563 (4172615911).jpg Antarctic fur seal, A. gazella Antarctic Fur Seal area.png
Arctocephalus townsendi.jpg Guadalupe fur seal, A. townsendi Arctocephalus townsendi distribution.png
Lobo fino.jpg Juan Fernández fur seal, A. philippii Juan Fernandez Fur Seal area.png
Galapagos Fur Seal, Santiago Island.jpg Galápagos fur seal, A. galapagoensis Galapagos Fur Seal area.png
Seals at Cape Cross, Namibia (3046555706).jpg Brown fur seal (or Cape fur seal), A. pusillus Arctocephalus pusillus distribution.png
Fur seal posing on top of the rocks.jpg New Zealand fur seal, A. forsteri Arctocephalus forsteri distribution.png
Arctocephalus tropicalis CrozetIslands female.jpg Subantarctic fur seal, A. tropicalis Subantarctic Fur Seal area.png
SAFS Falklands.jpg South American fur seal, A. australis Arctocephalus australis distribution.png

References

Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. (2005). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
Berta, A.; Churchill, M. (2012). "Pinniped Taxonomy: evidence for species and subspecies". Mammal Review. 42 (3): 207–234. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2907.2011.00193.x.
Yonezawa, T.; et al. (2009). "The monophyletic origin of sea lions and fur seals (Carnivora; Otariidae) in the Southern Hemisphere". Gene. 441 (1–2): 89–99. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2009.01.022. PMID 19254754.
Lopes, Fernando; Oliveira, Larissa R; Kessler, Amanda; Beux, Yago; Crespo, Enrique; Cárdenas-Alayza, Susana; Majluf, Patricia; Sepúlveda, Maritza; Brownell, Robert L; Franco-Trecu, Valentina; Páez-Rosas, Diego (2020-12-26). "Phylogenomic Discordance in the Eared Seals is best explained by Incomplete Lineage Sorting following Explosive Radiation in the Southern Hemisphere". Systematic Biology. 70 (4): 786–802. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syaa099. ISSN 1063-5157.

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