Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Metopophora
Cladus: Haptodontiformes
Cladus: Sphenacomorpha
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Eutheriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Epicynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliamorpha
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Cladus: Theriimorpha
Cladus: Theriiformes
Cladus: Trechnotheria
Cladus: Cladotheria
Cladus: Prototribosphenida
Cladus: Zatheria
Cladus: Tribosphenida
Cladus: Boreosphenida
Subclassis: Theria
Cladus: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Magnordo: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Grandordo: Euarchonta
Mirordo: Primatomorpha
Ordo: Primates
Subordo: Strepsirrhini
Infraordo: Lemuriformes
Superfamilia: Lemuroidea
Familia: Lemuridae
Genus: Hapalemur
Species: H. alaotrensis – H. aureus – H. gilberti – H. griseus – H. meridionalis – H. occidentalis
Name
Hapalemur I. Geoffroy, 1851
Type species: Lemur griseus É. Geoffroy, 1812
Synonyms
Hapalolemur Giebel, 1855
Myoxicebus Elliot, 1913.
References
Hapalemur in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
L'Inst. Paris 19(929): 341.
Wilson, D.E. & Reeder, D.M. (eds.) 2005. Mammal Species of the World: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. 2 volumes. 2142 pp. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Bambuslemuren, Halbmakis
Hapalemur griseus
The bamboo lemurs or gentle lemurs are the lemurs in genus Hapalemur. These medium-sized primates live exclusively on Madagascar.
Etymology
Bamboo lemurs were first described by French zoologist Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire in 1851. Comparing their small size, proportions, speckled fur, and other traits to those of marmosets—then classified in the genus Hapale—he named the genus Hapalemur. Hapale derives from the Greek word ἁπαλός (hapalos), meaning "gentle".[4]
In their discussion of lemur name etymologies, Dunkel et al. speculated that the once popular vernacular name for the genus, "gentle lemur", derived from the translation of Hapalemur, despite their notoriety for being one of the most aggressive lemurs in captivity—an observation first noted in a letter by Dutch naturalist François Pollen published in 1895. More recently, the common name "bamboo lemur" first appeared in the mid- to late-1980s following the rediscovery of the greater bamboo lemur (Hapalemur simus). However, the name became more generally used a year or two later following the discovery of the golden bamboo lemur (Hapalemur aureus) in 1987. For a few years, both names or combinations of both were widely used, but "bamboo lemur" became the preferred name in 1994 with the publication of the first edition of Lemurs of Madagascar. The term "gentle lemur" has seen little use in both popular and academic literature since the early 2000s.[4]
Description
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Lesser bamboo lemur (Hapalemur griseus)
The bamboo lemurs are characterized by a grey-brown fur, which varies by species. Their muzzles are short and their ears are round and hairy. Lengths vary from 26 to 46 cm (10 to 18 in), with tails just as long or longer, and they weigh up to 2.5 kg (5.5 lb).
Bamboo lemurs prefer damp forests where bamboo grows. Although they can be active any time of the day, they are often active just after dawn. Though primarily arboreal, they sometimes come down to the ground. The Lac Alaotra gentle lemur or "bandro" (Hapalemur alaotrensis), which lives in the reed beds of Lac Alaotra, spends much of its time in water and can swim well, unlike other lemur species, which only venture to water to drink.
The lesser gentle lemurs live together in groups of three to five animals, which probably represent families composed of a male, one or two females, and their offspring. They communicate with a variety of sounds.
Gestation lasts 135 to 150 days and ends between September and January, when the female bears one to two young. These are weaned after about four months (if the food supply is ample) and are fully mature at two years of age. Their life expectancy is up to 12 years.
Cyanide consumption
Not all bamboo contain cyanide, but H. aureus selects the growing tips of Cephalostachyum viguieri, which contain 15 mg of cyanide per 100 g (3.5 oz). Other bamboo lemurs have been found to consume less cyanogenetic forms of bamboo, such as mature shoots of C. viguieri or the leaves of Cephalostachyum perrieri.[5] How certain bamboo lemurs can detoxify the high amounts of cyanide in their diets is unknown.[6]
Classification
As of 2010, the classification of bamboo lemurs lists five species and three subspecies.[7] The greater bamboo lemur was removed from this genus in 2001 to Prolemur[8] but was restored in 2016.[9]
Genus Hapalemur
Eastern lesser bamboo lemur, H. griseus
Eastern lesser bamboo lemur, H. g. griseus
Gilbert's bamboo lemur, H. g. gilberti
Ranomafana bamboo lemur, H. g. ranomafanensis
Southern lesser bamboo lemur, H. meridionalis
Western lesser bamboo lemur, H. occidentalis
Lac Alaotra bamboo lemur, H. alaotrensis
Golden bamboo lemur, H. aureus
Greater bamboo lemur, H. simus
References
Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 116–117. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
"Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
"IUCN 2014". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Archived from the original on June 27, 2014. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
Dunkel, A.R.; Zijlstra, J.S.; Groves, C.P. (2012). "Giant rabbits, marmosets, and British comedies: etymology of lemur names, part 1" (PDF). Lemur News. 16: 64–70. ISSN 1608-1439. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-11-06. Retrieved 2014-12-10.
Glander, Kenneth E.; Wright, Patricia C.; Seigler, David S.; Randrianasolo, Voara; Randrianasolo, Bodovololona (1989). "Consumption of cyanogenic bamboo by a newly discovered species of bamboo lemur". American Journal of Primatology. 19 (2): 119–124. doi:10.1002/ajp.1350190205. eISSN 1098-2345. hdl:10161/6302. ISSN 0275-2565. PMID 31964012. S2CID 83647074.
Ankel-Simons, Friderun (2007). Primate Anatomy an Introduction (3rd ed.). Academic Press. p. 53. ISBN 978-0-12-058670-7.
Mittermeier, R.A.; Louis, E.E.; Richardson, M.; Schwitzer, C.; et al. (2010). Lemurs of Madagascar. Illustrated by S.D. Nash (3rd ed.). Conservation International. pp. 315–316. ISBN 978-1-934151-23-5. OCLC 670545286.
Groves, C. P. (2001). Primate taxonomy. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p. 350. ISBN 156098872X.
Herrera, James P.; Dávalos, Liliana M. (September 2016). "Phylogeny and Divergence Times of Lemurs Inferred with Recent and Ancient Fossils in the Tree". Systematic Biology. 65 (5): 772–791. doi:10.1093/sysbio/syw035. PMID 27113475.
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