Ratufa indica

Ratufa indica (*)

Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Cladus: Sarcopterygii
Cladus: Rhipidistia
Cladus: Tetrapodomorpha
Cladus: Eotetrapodiformes
Cladus: Elpistostegalia
Superclassis: Tetrapoda
Cladus: Reptiliomorpha
Cladus: Amniota
Cladus: Synapsida
Cladus: Eupelycosauria
Cladus: Sphenacodontia
Cladus: Sphenacodontoidea
Cladus: Therapsida
Cladus: Theriodontia
Cladus: Cynodontia
Cladus: Eucynodontia
Cladus: Probainognathia
Cladus: Prozostrodontia
Cladus: Mammaliaformes
Classis: Mammalia
Subclassis: Trechnotheria
Infraclassis: Zatheria
Supercohors: Theria
Cohors: Eutheria
Infraclassis: Placentalia
Cladus: Boreoeutheria
Superordo: Euarchontoglires
Ordo: Rodentia
Subordo: Sciuromorpha

Familia: Sciuridae
Subfamilia: Ratufinae
Genus: Ratufa
Species: Ratufa indica
Subspecies: R. i. centralis – R. i. dealbata – R. i. indica – R. i. maxima
Name

Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777)
References

Ratufa indica in Mammal Species of the World.
Wilson, Don E. & Reeder, DeeAnn M. (Editors) 2005. Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third edition. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4.
IUCN: Ratufa indica (Erxleben, 1777) (Near Threatened)

Vernacular names
čeština: Ratufa obrovská
English: Indian giant squirrel
français: Écureuil géant de l'Inde

The Indian giant squirrel or Malabar giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) is a large multi-coloured tree squirrel species endemic to forests and woodlands in India. It is a diurnal, arboreal, and mainly herbivorous squirrel.[4]
Distribution and habitat

This species is endemic to India, with main sections of its distribution in the Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats and Satpura Range as far north as Madhya Pradesh (approximately 22° N).[1][4] It is found at altitudes of 180–2,300 m (590–7,550 ft) in tropical deciduous, semi-deciduous (where often utilizing denser riparian growth), and moist evergreen forests and woodlands.[1][4][5] In general, its distribution is fragmented because it is intolerant of habitat degradation.[1] The Indian giant squirrel generally nests in taller trees with a mean height of 11 m (36 ft) (±3 m (10 ft) SD) in order to avoid predators.[6]
Description
R. i. maxima in Kerala

The Indian giant squirrel is one of the largest squirrels, with a head–and–body length of 25–50 cm (10 in – 1 ft 8 in), a tail that is about the same or somewhat longer, and a weight of 1.5–2 kg (3.3–4.4 lb), although rarely up to 3 kg (6.6 lb).[7][8] Average for both sexes is about 36 cm (1 ft 2 in) in head–and–body length, 45 cm (1 ft 6 in) in tail length and 1.7–1.8 kg (3.7–4.0 lb) in weight.[5]

It has a conspicuous one-, two-, or three-toned colour scheme.[9] The colours involved can be whitish, creamy-beige, buff, tan, rust, reddish-maroon, brown, dark seal brown, or black.[5][10] The underparts and the front legs are usually cream coloured, and the head can be brown or beige, and there is a distinctive white spot between the ears.[9] Otherwise the colours depend on the subspecies.[5]
Subspecies

R. i. dealbatus (top left)
R. i. indica (below left)
"R. i. bengalensis" (=R. i. indica–maxima intergrade; top right)
R. i. maxima (below right)

Ten subspecies have been described,[8] but recent authorities generally recognise four:[5][11][1]

R. i. indica: Found in the northern and central Western Ghats from around Mumbai to Karnataka. Its upper parts and basal half of the tail are rich reddish-maroon or reddish-brown; the distal part of the tail is whitish or buff.[5][8] On occasion there can be some black at the shoulder or at the very base of the tail (features typically associated with other subspecies).[8] A few other subspecies have been described within its range based on variations in size, overall colour hue and width of the pale tail-tip,[8] but recent authorities generally regard them as synonyms of R. i. indica.[3]
R. i. centralis: From central and eastern India, notably in the Satpura Range and Eastern Ghats (all other subspecies are from the Western Ghats region). It is relatively small and further differs from R. i. indica by its black shoulder region, black tail except for the pale tip, and sometimes black rump.[5][8]
R. i. dealbata: Found in southern Gujarat (far northern Western Ghats region),[8] but recent surveys have failed to locate it,[1] and it is possibly extinct.[5] A highly distinctive pale subspecies that is overall creamy-buff with a whitish tail and brown ears.[8] It should not be confused with true albinos, rarely recorded in the Indian giant squirrel, which are whiter and have pink eyes unlike R. i. dealbata.[12]
R. i. maxima: From southern Western Ghats. It resembles a large R. i. centralis, but with more extensive black in the shoulder region and on the rump, and an almost entirely black tail (no pale tip). There is often a black dorsal stripe connecting the black shoulder region and rump. Another subspecies, R. i. bengalensis, has been described from southern Karnataka and northern Kerala, in between R. i. indica and R. i. maxima. It generally resembles R. i. indica, but the tail is black except for its pale tip and sometimes it has black shoulders, thus approaching R. i. maxima or R. i. centralis.[8] Its intermediate appearance and distribution has caused some questions about its validity; it could be regarded as an intergrade and recent authorities often treat it as a synonym of R. i. maxima.[11]

Ratufa indica taxonomy[3]

Subspecies	Authority	Synonyms
R. i. indica	Erxleben, 1777^[13]	bombaya, elphinstoni, purpureus, superans
R. i. centralis	Ryley, 1913^[14]	none
R. i. dealbata	Blanford, 1897	none
R. i. maxima	Schreber, 1784^[15]	bengalensis, malabarica

Behaviour
Indian giant squirrels feeding on a ripe jackfruit in Nagarhole National Park, Karnataka
Indian giant squirrel eating a fig

The Indian giant squirrel is an upper-canopy dwelling species, which rarely leaves the trees, and requires "tall profusely branched trees for the construction of nests."[4] It travels from tree to tree with jumps of up to 6 m (20 ft). When in danger, the Indian giant squirrel often freezes or flattens itself against the tree trunk, instead of fleeing.[9] Its main predators are the birds of prey like owls[16] and the leopard.[9] This giant squirrel is mostly active in the early hours of the morning and in the evening, resting in the midday. They are typically solitary animals that only come together for breeding. The species is believed to play a substantial role in shaping the ecosystem of its habitat by engaging in seed dispersal.[17] The diet includes fruit, flowers, nuts and tree bark. They may also eat insects and bird eggs.[18]
Family life

The Indian giant squirrel lives alone or in pairs. They build large globular nests of twigs and leaves, placing them on thinner branches where large predators can't get to them. These nests become conspicuous in deciduous forests during the dry season. An individual may build several nests in a small area of forest which are used as sleeping quarters, with one being used as a nursery.[citation needed]
Reproduction

Captive breeding of the Malayan giant squirrel, a close relative has indicated births in March, April, September and December. The young weigh 74.5 g at birth and have a length of 27.3 cm. In Canara, the Indian Giant Squirrel has been spotted with young in March.[citation needed]
Recognition

The Indian giant squirrel (shekaru in Marathi) is the state animal of the state of Maharashtra in western India.[19]
See also

Indian giant flying squirrel

References

Molur, S. (2016). "Ratufa indica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T19378A22262028. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-2.RLTS.T19378A22262028.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
"Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Archived from the original on 5 December 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
Thorington, R.W. Jr.; Hoffmann, R.S. (2005). "Ratufa indica". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 754–818. ISBN 0-8018-8221-4. OCLC 26158608. Archived from the original on 20 June 2013. Retrieved 21 February 2010.
(Datta & Goyal 1996, p. 394)
Thorington, R.W. Jr.; J.L. Koprowski; M.A. Steele; J.F. Whatton (2012). Squirrels of the World. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 26–27. ISBN 978-1-4214-0469-1.
Pradhan, A.K.; Shrotriya, S.; Rout, S.D.; Dash, P.K. (2017). "Nesting and feeding habits of the Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Karlapat wildlife sanctuary, India" (PDF). Animal Biodiversity and Conservation. 40 (1): 63–69. doi:10.32800/abc.2017.40.0063. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 11 September 2020.
Nowak, R.M., ed. (1999). Walker's Mammals of the World. Vol. 2 (6 ed.). pp. 1274–1275. ISBN 978-0-8018-5789-8.
Abdulali, H.; J.C. Daniel (1952). "Races of the Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 50: 469–474.
Tritsch 2001, pp. 132–133
Prater 1971, pp. 24–25
Corbet, Gordon Barclay; Hill, John Edwards (1992). The mammals of the Indomalayan Region: a systematic review. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854693-9. OCLC 25281229.
Abdulali, H.; J.C. Daniel (1953). "A colour variation, and albinism in the giant squirrel Ratufa indica". The Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 51: 731.
Erxleben, Johann Christian Polykarp (1777). Systema regni animalis per classes, ordines, genera, species, varietates cum synonymia et historia animalium. Classis I. Mammalia [Animal kingdom system by class, order, genus, species, varieties with synonyms and animals' history. Class I. Mammalia.] (in Latin). Vol. 42. Leipzig, Germany: Impensis Weygandianis. OCLC 14843832.
Ryley, Kathleen V. (1913). "Scientific results from the mammals survey". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Mumbai, India: Bombay Natural History Society. 22: 434–443. ISSN 0006-6982. OCLC 1536710.
Schreber, Johann Christian Daniel von (1792) [Chapter on The Squirrel first published in 1784]. "Der Springer" [The Squirrel]. Die Säugthiere in Abbildungen nach der Natur, mit Beschreibungen [The Mammals in illustrations after nature, with descriptions] (in German). Vol. 3. Erlangen: Wolfgang Walther. OCLC 16860541.
Kannan, R. (1994). Forest Eagle Owl (Bubo nipalensis Hodgson)--a predator of the Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society 91: 454
Justice, James. "Ratufa indica: Indian Giant Squirrel". Animal Diversity Web. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 4 November 2015.
"Indian giant squirrel (Ratufa indica)". Arkive. Archived from the original on 13 January 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2010.

"List of Indian States and their Symbols". jagranjosh.com. 14 August 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.

Datta, Aparajita; Goyal, S. P. (1996), "Comparison of Forest Structure and Use by the Indian Giant Squirrel (Ratufa indica) in Two Riverine Forests of Central India", Biotropica, 28 (3): 394–399, doi:10.2307/2389203, JSTOR 2389203
Prater, S. H. (1971), The book of Indian Animals, Mumbai: Bombay Natural History Society and Oxford University Press. Pp. xxiii, 324, 28 color plates by Paul Barruel., ISBN 0-19-562169-7
Tritsch, Mark F. (2001), Wildlife of India, London: Harper Collins Publishers. Pp. 192, ISBN 0-00-711062-6