Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: ParaHoxozoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Superphylum: Deuterostomia
Phylum: Chordata
Cladus: Olfactores
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Infraphylum: Gnathostomata
Megaclassis: Osteichthyes
Superclassis/Classis: Actinopterygii
Classis/Subclassis: Actinopteri
Subclassis/Infraclassis: Neopterygii
Infraclassis: Teleostei
Megacohors: Osteoglossocephalai
Supercohors: Clupeocephala
Cohors: Euteleosteomorpha
Subcohors: Neoteleostei
Infracohors: Eurypterygia
Sectio: Ctenosquamata
Subsectio: Acanthomorphata
Divisio/Superordo: Acanthopterygii
Subdivisio: Percomorphaceae
Series: Eupercaria
Ordo: Perciformes
Subordo: Cottoidei
Infraordo: Zoarcales
Familia: Cryptacanthodidae
Genus: Cryptacanthodes
Species: C. aleutensis – C. bergi – C. giganteus – C. maculatus
Name
Cryptacanthodes Storer, 1839: 322
Type species: Cryptacanthodes maculatus Storer, 1839 (by monotypy)
Synonyms
Cryptacanthoides Lindberg, 1930
Delolepis Bean, 1882
Lyconectes Gilbert, 1896
Zoarcites Zugmayer, 1914
References
Primary references
Storer, D.H. 1839. A report on the fishes of Massachusetts. Boston Journal of Natural History 2(3-4) (art. 12): 289–558, Pls. 6–8. BHL Reference page.
Vernacular names
Deutsch: Schiefmäuler
English: wrymouths
Cryptacanthodes maculatus
Cryptacanthodes is a genus of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the monogeneric family Cryptacanthodidae, commonly referred to as wrymouths. Three of the four species are found in the Pacific Ocean with one species native to the western Atlantic Ocean where they are benthic fishes, tunneling through soft substrates. It is currently the only known genus in its family.
Taxonomy
Cryptacanthodes was first proposed as a monotypic genus in 1839 by the American physician and naturalist David Humphreys Storer when he described Cryptacanthodes maculatus from Boston Harbor on the Gulf of Maine in Massachusetts.[2][3] The genus is the only genus in the family Cryptacanthodidae, which was named by Theodore Gill in 1861.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes.[4] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales within the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic.[5]
Etymology
Cryptacanthodes is a compound of cryptos, meaning "concealed", and acanthodes, which means "spined", a reference to spines of the dorsal fin in the wryfish (C. maculatus) “ being hidden within a membrane.[6]
Species
The currently recognized species in this genus are:[7]
Cryptacanthodes aleutensis (C. H. Gilbert, 1896) (dwarf wrymouth)
Cryptacanthodes bergi Lindberg, 1930
Cryptacanthodes giganteus (Kittlitz, 1858) (giant wrymouth)
Cryptacanthodes maculatus D. H. Storer, 1839 (wrymouth)
Characteristics
Cryptacanthodes have an elongate body which is rounded towards the head and compressed towards the tail.. They have a wide, flattened head with highly set eyes. The large mouth has a projecting lower jaw and is highly oblique, nearly vertical in alignment. The dorsal and anal fins are long based, reaching the base of the caudal fin or are joined to the caudal fin. The dorsal fin has 60-80 stiff spines while the anal fin has up to three spines and 43-52 soft rays. The pectoral fins are very small and there are no pelvic fins, although there is a pelvic girdle. They have a single pair of tubular nostrils. In most species there are no scales, although C. giganteus has small ctenoid scales. The mechanosensory canals on the head do not have openings to the outside. The lateral line is made up of widely spaced superficial neuromasts. Vomerine teeth and palatine teeth are present in three species, but are absent in C. aleutensis. The gill membranes have a wide connection to the isthmus and the gill openings do not extend very far forward. There is no swim bladder. They are pale brown on the upper body and cream-colored on the lower body. They may be marked with spots and some specimens may be a uniform pink or red. Wryfish reach maximum total lengths which vary from 31 to 127 cm (12 to 50 in).[7]
Distribution and habitat
Cryptacanthodes Are found in the cold-temperate waters of the North Pacific and western North Atlantic in coastal areas. They excavate the soft substrate to create extensive tunnel systems which have many exits.[8]
See also
List of fish families
References
Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cryptacanthodidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Species in the genus Cryptacanthodes". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 29 July 2022.
J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6. Archived from the original on 2019-04-08. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (4 July 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 27 July 2022.
Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.). "Species in genus Cryptacanthodes". FishBase. February 2022 version.
Mecklenburg, C. W. (2003). Family Cryptacanthodidae Gill 1861 — wrymouths (PDF). California Academy of Sciences. Annotated Checklists of Fishes. Vol. 8. ISSN 1545-150X.
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