Taxonavigation
Superregnum: Eukaryota
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladi: Bilateria – Cnidaria (phylum) – incertae sedis
Phyla overview (38 extant): Acanthocephala – Acoela – Annelida – Arthropoda – Brachiopoda – Bryozoa – Chaetognatha – Chordata – Cnidaria – Ctenophora – Cycliophora – Dicyemida – Echinodermata – Echiura – Entoprocta – Gastrotricha – Gnathostomulida – Hemichordata – Kinorhyncha – Loricifera – Micrognathozoa – Mollusca – Monoblastozoa – Myxozoa – Myzostomida – Nematoda – Nematomorpha – Nemertea – Nemertodermatida – Onychophora – Orthonectida – Phoronida – Platyhelminthes – Priapulida – Rotifera – Sipuncula – Tardigrada – Xenoturbellida
Name
Eumetazoa Bütschli, 1910
References
Peterson, K.J.; Butterfield, N.J. 2005: Origin of the Eumetazoa: Testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record. PNAS, 102: 9547–9552. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0503660102 JSTOR
Sperling, E.A.; Peterson, K.J.; Pisani, D. 2009: Phylogenetic-Signal Dissection of Nuclear Housekeeping Genes Supports the Paraphyly of Sponges and the Monophyly of Eumetazoa. Molecular biology and evolution, 26: 2261–2274. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp148
Vernacular names
Alemannisch: Gwäbtierer
Boarisch: Geweeweviecher
català: Eumetazous
čeština: Eumetazoa
српски / srpski: Prave životinje
Deutsch: Gewebetiere
eesti: Pärishulkraksed
Ελληνικά: Ευμετάζωα
English: eumetazoans
español: Eumetazoos
français: Eumétazoaires
galego: Eumetazoos
한국어: 진정후생동물아계
italiano: Eumetazoa
עברית: רב תאיים אמיתיים
magyar: Valódi szövetes állatok
македонски: Ткивни животни
Nederlands: Orgaandieren
日本語: 真正後生動物亜界
Nordfriisk: Eumetazoa
norsk: Flercellede dyr
polski: Tkankowce
português: Eumetazoários
русский: Эуметазои
suomi: Monisoluiset eläimet
svenska: Flercelliga djur
Türkçe: Gerçek dokusu olan hayvanlar
українська: Справжні багатоклітинні
中文: 真後生動物亞界
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Eumetazoa (Greek: εὖ [eu], well + μετά [metá], after + ζῷον [zóon], animal) or Diploblasts are a proposed basal animal clade as sister group of the sponges. Several other extinct or obscure life forms, such as Iotuba and Thectardis as well as Placozoans appear to have emerged in the group.[3] Characteristics of eumetazoans include true tissues organized into germ layers, the presence of neurons, and an embryo that goes through a gastrula stage. The clade is usually held to contain at least Ctenophora, Placozoans, Cnidaria, and Bilateria.
Some phylogenists have speculated the sponges and eumetazoans evolved separately from single-celled organisms, which would mean that the animal kingdom does not form a clade (a complete grouping of all organisms descended from a common ancestor). However, genetic studies and some morphological characteristics, like the common presence of choanocytes, support a common origin.[4]
Eumetazoans are a major group of animals in the Five Kingdoms classification of Lynn Margulis and K. V. Schwartz, comprising the Radiata and Bilateria — all animals except the sponges.[5] When treated as a formal taxon Eumetazoa is typically ranked as a subkingdom. The name Metazoa has also been used to refer to this group, but more often refers to the Animalia as a whole. Many classification schemes do not include a subkingdom Eumetazoa.
Taxonomy
Over the last decade,[timeframe?] the work of developmental biologists and molecular phylogeneticists spawned new ideas about bilaterian relationships resulting in a paradigm shift.
The current widely accepted hypothesis, based on molecular data (mostly 18S rRNA sequences), divides Bilateria into the following four superphylums: Deuterostomia, Ecdysozoa, Lophotrochozoa, and Platyzoa (sometimes included in Lophotrochozoa). The last three groups are also collectively known as Protostomia.
However, many skeptics emphasize the pitfalls and inconsistencies associated with the new data. Claus Nielsen, a professor of evolutionary invertebrate embryology at the Zoological Museum University of Copenhagen champions one of the most prominent alternative views based on morphological evidence. In his 2001 book Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla, he maintains the traditional divisions of Protostomia and Deuterostomia.
Evolutionary origins
It has been suggested that one type of molecular clock and one approach to interpretation of the fossil record both place the evolutionary origins of eumetazoa in the Ediacaran.[6] However, the earliest eumetazoans may not have left a clear impact on the fossil record and other interpretations of molecular clocks suggest the possibility of an earlier origin.[7] The discoverers of Vernanimalcula describe it as the fossil of a bilateral triploblastic animal that appeared at the end of the Marinoan glaciation prior to the Ediacaran Period, implying an even earlier origin for eumetazoans.[8]
References
Lankester, R. (1877). Notes on the Embryology and classification of the Animal kingdom: comprising a revision of speculations relative to the origin and significance of the germ-layers. Quartely Journal of Microscopical Science (N.S.), No. 68: 399–454.
Beklemishev, V.L. The basis of the comparative anatomy of the invertebrates [Основы сравнительной анатомии беспозвоночных]. 1st ed., 1944; 2nd ed., 1950; 3rd ed. (2 vols.), 1964. English translation, 1969, [1]. Akademia Nauk, Moscow, Leningrad.
Martindale, Mark Q.; Kourakis, Matthew J. "Hox clusters: Size doesn't matter". Nature. 399 (6738): 730–731. doi:10.1038/21530.
Philippe H, Derelle R, Lopez P, et al. (April 2009). "Phylogenomics revives traditional views on deep animal relationships". Curr. Biol. 19 (8): 706–12. PMID 19345102. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.02.052.
Systema Naturae 2000 Taxon: Subkingdom Eumetazoa — retrieved February 2, 2006
Peterson KJ, Butterfield NJ (July 2005). "Origin of the Eumetazoa: testing ecological predictions of molecular clocks against the Proterozoic fossil record". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (27): 9547–52. Bibcode:2005PNAS..102.9547P. PMC 1172262 Freely accessible. PMID 15983372. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503660102.
Blair, J. E.; Hedges, S. B. (March 2005). "Molecular clocks do not support the Cambrian explosion". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 22 (3): 387–390. PMID 15537810. doi:10.1093/molbev/msi039.
Chen, J.-Y.; Bottjer, D.J.; Oliveri, P.; Dornbos, S.Q.; Gao, F.; Ruffins, S.; Chi, H.; Li, C.-W.; Davidson, E.H.; et al. (9 July 2004). "Small bilaterian fossils from 40 to 55 million years before the Cambrian". Science. 305 (5681): 218–222. Bibcode:2004Sci...305..218C. PMID 15178752. doi:10.1126/science.1099213.
External links
Bilateria. Tree of Life web project, US National Science Foundation. 2002. 6 January 2006.
Invertebrates and the Origin of Animal Diversity
Evers, Christine A., Lisa Starr. Biology:Concepts and Applications. 6th ed. United States:Thomson, 2006. ISBN 0-534-46224-3.
TRICHOPLAX ADHAERENS (PLACOZOA TYPE) St. Petersburg. 2005
Metazoa: the Animals
Nielsen, C. 2001. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla, 2nd edition, 563 pp. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-850681-3
Borchiellini, C. Manuel, M., Alivon, E., Boury-Esnault N., Vacelet, J., Le-Parco, Y. 2001. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14 (1): 171–179.
Peterson, Kevin J., McPeek, Mark A., & Evans, David A.D. 2005. Tempo & mode of early animal evolution: inferences from rocks, Hox, & molecular clocks. Paleobiology 31(2, Supplement): 36–55.
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