Superregnum: Eukaryota
Cladus: Unikonta
Cladus: Opisthokonta
Cladus: Holozoa
Regnum: Animalia
Subregnum: Eumetazoa
Cladus: Bilateria
Cladus: Nephrozoa
Cladus: Protostomia
Cladus: Spiralia
Cladus: Lophotrochozoa
Phylum: Mollusca
Classis: Gastropoda
Subclassis: Caenogastropoda
Ordo: Littorinimorpha
Superfamilia: Truncatelloidea
Familia: Bithyniidae
Genus: Bithynia
Subgenera: B. (Bithynia) – B. (Gabbia)
Species overview: B. danubialis – B. forcarti – B. hambergerae – B. leachii – B. majorcina – B. mazandaranensis – B. montenegrina – B. radomani – B. rubens – B. sistanica – B. skadarskii – B. starmuehlneri – B. tentaculata – B. transsilvanica – B. zeta
Name
Bithynia Leach, 1818
Type species: Helix tentaculata Linnaeus, 1758
References
Leach, W.E., 1818: Crustaces, Crustacea. In: Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, etc., 12: 69–75.
Vernacular names
беларуская: Бітынія
Bithynia is a genus of small freshwater snails with an operculum, aquatic prosobranch gastropod mollusks in the family Bithyniidae.[2]
The diploid chromosome number of Bithynia sp. from Egypt is 2n=32.[3]
Distribution
Lake Skadar with 5 species of Bithynia is a biodiversity hotspot of Bithynia evolution.[4]
Species
Glöer (2002)[5] recognized four subgenera Bithynia, Codiella, Neumayria and Parafossarulus within European species. He reassigned two European extinct species of Parafossarulus into a subgenus of the genus Bithynia, but the genus Parafossarulus is generally accepted for the Asian species.[5] The subgenus Digoniostoma is also recognized for Asian species.
Subgenera and species within the genus Bithynia include:
Subgenus Bithynia Leach, 1818
Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758) - Common (or mud) bithynia - type species[6]
Subgenus Codiella Locard, 1894
Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823)[6]
Bithynia transsilvanica (Bielz, 1853) - synonym: Bithynia troschelii (Paasch 1842)[6]
Subgenus Neumayria De Stefani, 1887[7]
† Bithynia bavelensis Meijer, 1990
Subgenus Digoniostoma Annandale, 1920[8]
Bithynia funiculata Walker, 1927[9]
Bithynia siamensis Lea, 1856[10][11][12]
Subgenus Incertae sedis[13]
Bithynia phialensis (Conrad, 1852)
Bithynia pseudemmericia Schütt, 1964
Subgenus ?
† Bithynia almerai Almera, 1894
† Bithynia berthelini Depéret, 1894
Bithynia boissieri (Küster, 1852)[6]
† Bithynia brusinai Halaváts, 1903
† Bithynia budinici Brusina, 1902
Bithynia candiota Westerlund, 1886[6]
Bithynia canyamelensis Altaba, 2007
Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson, 1830)
Bithynia cettinensis Clessin, 1887
† Bithynia clessini Brusina, 1884
Bithynia cretensis Glöer & Maassen, 2009
† Bithynia croatica Pilar, 1874
† Bithynia cyclostoma (Rousseau, 1842)
Bithynia danubialis Glöer & Georgiev, 2012
† Bithynia dunkeri Gude, 1913
† Bithynia erzuruma Schütt, 1991
Bithynia forcarti Glöer & Pešić, 2012
† Bithynia fuchsi Willmann, 1981
Bithynia fuchsiana (Möllendorff, 1888)[11]
Bithynia ghodaghodiensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
† Bithynia giralanensis Oppenheim, 1919
† Bithynia glabra (von Zieten, 1832)
Bithynia graeca Westerlund, 1879[6]
Bithynia hambergerae A. Reischütz, N. Reischütz & P. L. Reischütz, 2008
Bithynia italica (Paulucci, 1879)[6]
† Bithynia jurinaci Brusina, 1884
Bithynia kobialkai Glöer & Beckmann, 2007[14]
† Bithynia leberonensis Fischer & Tournouër, 1873
Bithynia lithoglyphoides (Nesemann & G. Sharma, 2007)
Bithynia longicornis Benson - in China[11]
Bithynia majorcina Glöer & Rolán, 2007[15]
Bithynia manonellesi Altaba, 2007
† Bithynia marasinica Andrusov, 1909
Bithynia mazandaranensis Glöer & Pešić, 2012
† Bithynia mediocris Ludwig, 1865
† Bithynia minor Locard, 1878
Bithynia misella (Gredler, 1884)[16]
Bithynia montenegrina Wohlberedt, 1901
Bithynia mostarensis Möllendorff, 1873[6]
† Bithynia multicostata Tchernov, 1975
Bithynia nakeae Glöer & Beckmann, 2007[14]
Bithynia numidica Bourguignat, 1864
Bithynia orcula Frauenfeld, 1862
Bithynia pauli Altaba, 2007
Bithynia pesicii Glöer & Yildirim, 2006
Bithynia phialensis (Conrad, 1852)
† Bithynia phrygica (Fischer in Tchihatcheff, 1866)
† Bithynia pilari Neumayr in Neumayr & Paul, 1875
† Bithynia pisidica Oppenheim, 1919
† Bithynia podarensis (Pană in Pană et al., 1981)
† Bithynia pontica Gozhik, 2002
Bithynia prespensis Hadžišče, 1963
Bithynia prestoni Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
† Bithynia protemmericia Willmann, 1981
Bithynia pseudemmericia Schütt, 1964
Bithynia pulchella (Benson, 1836)
Bithynia quintanai Glöer & Beckmann, 2007[14]
Bithynia radomani Glöer & Pešić, 2007[6]
Bithynia raptiensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
Bithynia reharensis Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
Bithynia riddifordi Altaba, 2007
† Bithynia rubella Schütt in Schütt & Besenecker, 1973
Bithynia rubens (Menke, 1830)
† Bithynia rumana Porumbaru, 1881
† Bithynia sabbae Gozhik, 2002
† Bithynia schuetti Schlickum & Strauch, 1974
Bithynia schwabii Frauenfeld, 1865[6]
† Bithynia sermenazensis Depéret, 1894
Bithynia shapkarevi Glöer, Shoreva & Slavevska-Stamenković, 2015
Bithynia sibirica Westerlund, 1886
Bithynia sistanica (Annandale & Prashad, 1919)
Bithynia skadarskii Glöer & Pešić, 2007[6]
Bithynia starmuehlneri Glöer & Pešić, 2012
Bithynia stenothyroides (Dohrn, 1857)
Bithynia subbaraoi Glöer & Bössneck, 2013
Bithynia timmii Odabaşı & Arslan, 2015
Bithynia transsilvanica Bielz, 1853
† Bithynia ungeri (Rolle, 1860)
† Bithynia veneria Fontannes, 1881
† Bithynia verneuili (Mayer, 1856)
† Bithynia verrii de Stefani, 1880
Bithynia vukotinovici Brusina, 1874 †
Bithynia walderdorffii Frauenfeld, 1865[6]
Bithynia walkeri (Brandt, 1968)[17]
Bithynia yildirimi Glöer & Georgiev, 2012
Bithynia zeta Glöer & Pešić, 2007[6]
† Bithynia zoranici Brusina, 1902
Synonyms:
Bithynia badiella (Küster, 1852): synonym of Pseudobithynia badiella (Küster, 1853)
† Bithynia bengestensis Fontannes, 1887: synonym of † Tylopoma bengestiensis (Fontannes, 1887)
† Bithynia brusinai Halaváts, 1903: synonym of † Lithoglyphus acutus decipiens Brusina, 1885
† Bithynia crassitesta (Brömme, 1883): synonym of † Parafossarulus crassitesta (Brömme, 1883)
† Bithynia curta Locard, 1893: synonym of † Bithynia glabra helvetica (Wenz, 1930)
† Bithynia gracilis Sandberger, 1875: synonym of † Bithynia glabra glabra (von Zieten, 1832)
Bithynia hamicensis Pallary, 1939: synonym of Pseudobithynia hamicensis (Pallary, 1939)
† Bithynia labiata Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875: synonym of † Neumayria labiata (Neumayr in Herbich & Neumayr, 1875)
Bithynia leachi (Sheppard, 1823): synonym of Bithynia leachii (Sheppard, 1823)
Bithynia majewsky Frauenfeld, 1862: synonym of Bithynia tentaculata (Linnaeus, 1758)
† Bithynia margaritula Fuchs, 1870: synonym of † Pseudamnicola (Pseudamnicola) margaritula (Fuchs, 1870)
Bithynia narentana Locard, 1874 : synonym of Bithynia mostarensis Möllendorff, 1873
Bithynia pentheri Sturany, 1904: synonym of Pseudobithynia pentheri (Sturany, 1904)[18]
Bithynia phaeacina Locard, 1887: synonym of Pseudobithynia renei (Letourneux, 1887)
† Bithynia podwinensis Neumayr in Neumayr & Paul, 1875: synonym of † Neumayria podwinensis (Neumayr in Neumayr & Paul, 1875)
† Bithynia proxima Fuchs, 1870: synonym of † Pseudamnicola proxima (Fuchs, 1870)
Bithynia saulcyi Bourguignat, 1853: synonym of Pseudobithynia saulcyi (Bourguignat, 1853)
† Bithynia scalaris Fuchs, 1877: synonym of † Bythinella megarensis Bukowski, 1896
† Bithynia spoliata Stefanescu, 1896: synonym of † Neumayria spoliata (Stefanescu, 1896)
Bithynia stossichiana Locard, 1894: synonym of Pseudobithynia renei (Letourneux, 1887)
Bithynia uzielliana Issel, 1866: synonym of Gangetia uzielliana (Issel, 1866)
† Bithynia vucotinovici Brusina, 1874: synonym of † Neumayria vukotinovici (Brusina, 1874)
† Bithynia vukotinovici Brusina, 1874: synonym of † Neumayria vukotinovici (Brusina, 1874)
See also
Parafossarulus
References
Abel C. (1818). Narrative of a journey in the interior of China, and of a voyage to and from that country, in the years 1816 and 1817; containing an account of the most interesting transactions of Lord Amherst's embassy to the court of Pekin, and observations on the countries which it visited. Illustrated by maps and other engravings. pp. i-xvi [= 1-16], 1-420, pl. [1-22]. London. (Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown). Bithynia at page 362.
Bouchet, P.; Gofas, S. (2014). Bithynia Leach, 1818. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=182698 on 2014-11-19
Tohamy A. A. & Mohamed S. M. (2006). "Chromosomal studies on two Egyptian freshwater snails, Cleopatra and Bithynia (Mollusca-Prosobranchiata)". Arab J. Biotech. 9(1): 17-26. PDF Archived 2011-07-24 at the Wayback Machine.
Pešić V. & Glöer P. (2013). "A new freshwater snail genus (Hydrobiidae, Gastropoda) from Montenegro, with a discussion on gastropod diversity and endemism in Skadar Lake". ZooKeys 281: 69-90. doi:10.3897/zookeys.281.4409
Glöer P. (2002). Die Süßwassergastropoden Nord- und Mitteleuropas. Die Tierwelt Deutschlands, ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 326 pp., ISBN 3-925919-60-0, page 190-194.
Species in genus Bithynia (n=13). AnimalBase, accessed 30 December 2012.
Stefani (1876). Atti Soc. Toscana Sci. nat. 2: 165 [nomen novum]; (1877) 3: 322.
Annandale (1920). Indian J. med. Res. 8: 104.
Richter, K.; Simonis, J. (2012). "Bithynia funiculata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T184937A1767230. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184937A1767230.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Phongsasakulchoti, P.; Sri-Aroon, P.; Kerdpuech, Y. (2005). "Emergence of Opisthorchis viverrini cercariae from naturally infected Bithynia (Digoniostoma) siamensis goniomphalos". The Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health. 36 Suppl 4: 189–191. PMID 16438207..
Traub, R. J.; MacAranas, J.; Mungthin, M.; Leelayoova, S.; Cribb, T.; Murrell, K. D.; Thompson, R. C. A. (2009). Sripa, Banchob (ed.). "A New PCR-Based Approach Indicates the Range of Clonorchis sinensis Now Extends to Central Thailand". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 3 (1): e367. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0000367. PMC 2614470. PMID 19156191.
Richter, K.; Simonis, J. (2012). "Bithynia siamensis". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T184922A1765679. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184922A1765679.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Yildirim M. Z., Koca S. B. & Kebapçi U. (2006). "Supplement to the Prosobranchia (Mollusca: Gastropoda) Fauna of Fresh and Brackish Waters of Turkey". Turkish Journal of Zoology 30: 197-204. PDF
Glöer P. & Beckmann K.-H. (2007). "Radix lilli n. sp. und drei neue Bithynia-Arten von den Balearen (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae, Lymnaeidae). pp. 163-170. In: Beckmann K.-H.: Die Land- und Süßwassermollusken der Balearischen Inseln. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 255 pp., ISBN 978-3-939767-05-3.
Glöer P. & Rolán E. (2007). "Bithynia majorcina n. sp., a new species from the Balearics (Gastropoda: Bithyniidae). pp. 159-162. In: Beckmann K.-H.: Die Land- und Süßwassermollusken der Balearischen Inseln. ConchBooks, Hackenheim, 255 pp., ISBN 978-3-939767-05-3.
Madhyastha, A. (2012). "Bithynia misella". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T166248A1122143. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T166248A1122143.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Allen, D. (2012). "Bithynia walkeri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T184917A1765038. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T184917A1765038.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Kebapçı, U. (2014). "Pseudobithynia pentheri". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2014: e.T194693A45399202. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2014-1.RLTS.T194693A45399202.en. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
Glöer P. & Pešić V. (2012) The freshwater snails (Gastropoda) of Iran, with descriptions of two new genera and eight new species. ZooKeys 219: 11–61
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